CRUCH LEY'S 
PICTURE OF LONDON, 



COMPRISING THE 



HISTORY, RISE, AND PROGRESS OF THE METROPOLIS 
TO THE PRESENT PERIOD; WITH 

A FULL DESCRIPTION OF 

"WINDSOR CASTLE, HAMPTON COURT, WOOLWICH, 
GREENWICH, CHELSEA, 

AND OTH1CR PLACES IN THE ENVIRONS, USEFUL FOR THE VISITOR. 
THE WHOLE EMBELLISHED WITH 

FIFTY-NINE ENGRAVINGS OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 

A ROUTE 

FOR VIEWING THE WHOLE IN SEVEN DAYS: 

TO WHICH IS ANNEXED, 

A NEW AND SUPERIOR MAP, 

WITH REFERENCES TO THE 

principal Streets, <©mmfcu» Routes, 3RaiIfoay Stations, See. 

THE TENTH EDIT1 




PUBLISHED BY G. F. CRUCHLEY, 
81, FLEET STREET. 



MDCCCXLV. 

L. 






LO.VDON : 

PRINTED BV JOSEPH MASTERS, 

ALDERSGATE STREET. 



2^ 



Wl^ 



H* 



ADVERTISEMENT 



TO 



THE TENTH EDITION. 



The Publisher returns thanks to all those persons who have 
kindly assisted in forwarding information and descriptions of 
the public places of resort ; nearly the whole of which have 
been personally visited, thus insuring that accuracy in the 
notices of them, so necessary in a work of this nature. 

This great Metropolis containing so many objects of in- 
terest, taste, and beauty, it will engage the stranger's attention 
for many days ; in order to assist him, a summary is given of 
all the public exhibitions, &c, with reference to the page of 
the work where each is fully described, so that, at one view, 
he is enabled to dispose of his time to the best advantage, and 
select those places he may wish to visit. The Publisher has 
embellished this edition with fifty-nine Engravings of the 
principal public buildings, and trusts that it will not only be 
found a useful companion abroad, but an entertaining book of 
reference at home. 

A Translation of this work may be had in the French 
language. 



81, Fleet Street, 

March, 1845. 



PREFACE 

TO THE FIRST EDITION, 



To the foreigner or stranger who may visit London, 
no apology need be urged for the present under- 
taking; the necessity which must be felt by such 
persons for a work of this nature, will no doubt in- 
sure it that favourable reception which it has been 
the aim of the Editor that it should deserve. With 
a view, therefore, to be as generally useful as pos- 
sible, he submits the following compendium, hoping 
to prove, though a silent monitor, yet a communica- 
tive companion. 

London, the largest and by far the richest capital 
in the world, necessarily presents more numerous 
points of attraction than any other. Yet, owing to 
its peculiarities, its huge dimensions, its gradual 
extension, and the value of space towards the centre, 
many objects which are particularly worthy the 
attention of strangers have become surrounded by 
ordinary buildings, and consequently obscured. It 
is the design of this little volume to assist the tra- 
veller in drawing aside the veil : — what there is to 
see, and how it is to be seen, are here fully yet 
concisely explained. The manners and customs of 
this City are also noticed; and for the sake of 
strangers generally, many hints are embodied in the 
following pages, by an attention to which, numerous 
dangers may be avoided. 

a 2 



V1 PREFACE, 

It is not the intention of the Compiler to reflect 
disparagingly on any of the Guides and Pictures of 
London hitherto published, when he asserts, as he 
does unhesitatingly, that no publication has yet ap- 
peared in which the useful is so fully blended with 
the interesting as in the following pages. Care has 
been taken that no subject of interest should be 
omitted, and that each should be treated with suf- 
ficient distinctness, without either becoming tedious 
or unduly enlarging the volume, so as to sacrifice its 
portability. 

The principal object being to represent London 
as it is, we have deviated from the plan of former 
guides, and have refrained from presenting to our 
readers a mutilated chronology, which it would 
require volumes to illustrate with any degree of 
satisfaction. At the same time, to meet the preju- 
dices of some, and to gratify the curiosity of others, 
we have given a brief summary of the remarkable 
events connected with the city up to that period 
when, breaking loose from the trammels of false 
policy, it shot forth its branches over the surround- 
ing country. 

As the work is intended more particularly for 
the stranger, it is obviously desirable that its diction 
should be that of general currency, to the exclu- 
sion of all technicalities and local expressions ; 
that they who profess but a slight knowledge of 
our tongue may meet with no difficulties which 
their dictionary will not effectually remove. This 
the Editor has attempted; with what degree of 
success must be left to the candid judgment of the 
reader. 



A SUMMARY 

OP THE VARIOUS 

PUBLIC BUILDINGS, EXHIBITIONS, PLACES OF AMUSEMENT, 
INSTITUTIONS, ETC. 

POINTING OUT AT ONE VIEW TO THE STRANGER ON HIS 
FIRST VISIT TO THE METROPOLIS, 

THE TIME WHEN SHOWN, THE EXPENSE OF VIEWING, AND 
REFERENCE TO THE PAGE WHERE EACH IS DESCRIBED ; 

ALSO 

A DIARY OF THE PRINCIPAL ANNUAL OCCURRENCES. 



Adelaide Gallery, Strand. One shilling. 119. 

Apollonicon, St. Martin's lane. One shilling. 112. 

Ascot Heath Races. 274. 

Bank of England. Free. 41. 

Botanic Gardens, Chelsea. By ticket. 287. 

Botanic Gardens, Kew. Free. 287. 

British Institution, Pall Mall. One shilling. 127. 

British Artists' Society, Suffolk street. One shilling. 127. 

British Museum, Museum street. Free. 115. 

Chelsea Hospital, Chelsea. Optional. 287. 

Chinese Exhibition, Hyde Park corner. One shilling. 112. 

Christ's Hospital, Newgate street. By ticket. 182. 

Colosseum, Regent's Park. One shilling. 130. 

College of Surgeons, Lincoln's -inn-fields. By ticket. 189. 

Cosmorama, Regent street. One shilling. 132. 

Custom House, (long room,) Thames street. Free. 45. 

Courts of Law (open free, during the sittings). 24 and 25. 

Diorama, Regent's Park. Two shillings. 132. 

Duke of York's Column, Waterloo place. Sixpence. 34. 

Dulwich Gallery, Dulwich. By tickets. 129. 



Vlll EXHIBITIONS. 

East India Company's Museum, Leadenhall street. Free. 44. 
East India Docks, Blackwall. Free. 236. 
Eton Montem. 273. 
Exeter Hall, Strand. 134. 

Fancy Glass Exhibition, Strand. Sixpence. 133. 
Gresham College. Free. 185. 
Greenwich Hospital, Greenwich. Optional. 283. 
Greenwich Hospital, Painted Hall. Threepence. 285. 
Guildhall, King street, Cheapside. Free. 48. 
Hall of Commerce (Universal). By ticket. 48. 
Hampton Court. Free. 275. 
Horticultural Gardens, Chiswick. By ticket. 288. 
Houses of Parliament, (when not sitting.) One shilling. 16. 
Kew Gardens, Kew. Free. 278. 
Kensall Green Cemetery, Kensall Green. Free. 99. 
Kensington Gardens, Hyde Park. Free. 14. 
Linwood's, Miss, Leicester square. One shilling. 129. 
Literary Institution, Aldersgate street. By subscription. 169. 
London Docks, Wapping. Free. 235. 
London Institution, Moornelds. By subscription. 1 75. 
Mansion House, Poultry. Sixpence. 40. 
Madame Tussaud's, Baker street. One shilling. 132. 
Mechanics' Institution, Southampton buildings. By subscrip- 
tion. 176. 
Mint (the Royal), Minories. By ticket. 48. 
Missionary Museum, Moornelds. Free. 120. 
Monument, Fish street hill. Sixpence. 152. 
Museum of Economic Geology, Craig's court. Free. 128. 
National Gallery, Charing cross. Free. 122. 
New Society of Painters in Water Colours. One shilling. 127. 
Panorama, Leicester square. One shilling. 132. 
Parks are always open free. 33, 34, 37, 38, 39. 
Polytechnic Institution, Regent street. One shilling. 129. 
Private Picture Galleries. By ticket. 133. 
Royal Academy, Charing cross. One shilling. 126. 
Royal Exchange. Free. 42. 

Royal Institution, Albemarle street. By subscription. 174. 
Royal Military Academy, Chelsea. Free. 288. 
Russell Institution, Great Coram street. By subscription. 17 
School of Design, Somerset House. Free. 31. 
Soane Museum, Lincoln's-inn-fields. Free. 119, 
Society of Arts, Adelphi. By ticket. 128. 
St. Katherine's Dock, Tower. Free. 234. 



DIARY OF ANNUAL OCCURRENCES. IX 

St. Paul's Cathedral. The whole cost 4*. 4d. 60 to 68. 
Surrey Zoological Gardens, Walworth. One shilling. 121. 
Thames Tunnel, Rotherhithe. One shilling. 240. 
Theatres open according to the season, to be known by daily 

advertisements. 102 to 112. 
Tower of London, Thames-street. Sixpence. 137. 

, Jewel-room. Sixpence. 146. 

United Service Institution, Scotland Yard. By ticket. 118. 
Water Colour Exhibition, Pall-mall East. One shilling, 127. 
Water Colours, New Society of Painters in, 53, Pall-malL 

One shilling. 
Westminster Abbey, Westminster. Sixpence. 68 to 88. 
West India Docks, Limehouse. Free. 335. 
Western Institution, Leicester- square. By subscription. 176. 
Windsor Castle. Optional. 262. 
Woolwich Arsenal, Dockyard, &c. Free. 278. 
Do. Royal Military Repository on the Common. Free. 281. 
Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park. One shilling. 120. 



DIARY OF THE PRINCIPAL ANNUAL OCCURRENCES. 

January VI. — Twelfth-day. The confectioners' shops are 
loaded with cakes. 

The Bishop of London makes an offering in the Chapel 
Royal, St. James's. The first musical talent in the kingdom 
assists in the ceremony. 

XI. — Hilary Term commences. The judges breakfast with 
the lord chancellor, and proceed at twelve o'clock to West- 
minster hall to open the courts. 

XXX. — King Charles's decapitation. On this day the 
House of Lords go in procession to Westminster abbey. The 
members of the House of Commons likewise go in procession 
to St. Margaret's. 

February XIV. — An old custom still partially exists of 
sending verses, amatory, laudatory, or satirical, in honour of 
St. Valentine. 

XIX. — The British gallery opens about this period for the 
e \ibition and sale of the works of British artists. 

Lectures on painting commence about this time at the 
Royal academy. Admission free, by tickets to be had of the 
academicians and associates. 

March 1st. — St. David's day, 



X DIARY OF ANNUAL OCCURRENCES. 

During lent, sacred music is occasionally performed at one 
or more of the theatres. 

XVII. — St. Patrick's day. At the dinner annually held on 
this day, the chair is usually filled by royalty, supported right 
and left by members of the nobility. 

Easter Monday. The lord mayor and aldermen go in state 
to Christ church, where they attend Divine service. In the 
evening a grand dinner is given at the Mansion house, followed 
by a splendid ball. Tickets obtained of the lord mayor. 

On this day, according to annual custom, a stag is turned 
out for general sport in Epping forest. 

Easter Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, is held the fair 
of Greenwich, to which crowds of the lovers of fun and re- 
velry resort from far and near. The sports and scenery united 
form an animated picture. 

Easter week. Most of the theatres produce pieces adapted 
to the taste of youth. They are usually got up with great 
splendour. 

April XXIII. — St. George's day (the patron Saint of 
England) . 

On the first Sunday of Easter Term, the lord mayor, sheriffs, 
and judges go in state to St. Paul's, and afterwards partake of 
a grand dinner at the Mansion house. 

May I., or May-day, is a day of jubilee to the fraternity of 
chimney sweepers. Grotesque groups are met in various parts. 

The Royal Academy exhibition opens the first Monday in 
May. 

Anniversaries are continued through this month. That of 
the Sons of the Clergy is held at St. Paul's, where a fine con- 
cert of sacred music is performed. 

XXIV. — Queen Victoria's birth-day. A drawing room 
is held at St. James's, and the Tower guns fire a royal salute 
at one o'clock. In the evening, the houses of those tradesmen 
who supply the royal household, are brilliantly illuminated. 

June. — Parochial schools. The meeting of the children, to 
the number of nearly 8000, at St. Paul's, early in June, is a 
most gratifying exhibition. 

Astley's prize wherry is disputed near Westminster bridge, 
in the afternoon about four o'clock. 

August I. — A celebrated annual rowing match takes 
place on this day. The prize is a coat and badge, bequeathed 
by Doggett, to be rowed for by six watermen, in the first year 
after being out of their apprenticeship. 



DIARY OF ANNUAL OCCURRENCES. XI 

September III. — Bartholomew fair is annnally held in 
Smithfield, and continues four days. The lord mayor opens 
it with great ceremony. 

XXI. — Lord mayor, sheriffs, &c. repair to Christ church. 
After the service they proceed to the hall of Christ's hospital, 
where two of the senior blue coat boys deliver orations. 

XXVIII. — The sheriffs are sworn into office at Guildhall, 
which is open to the public. 

XXIX. — Michaelmas day. The lord mayor, sheriffs, and 
other City officers, go in state from the Mansion house to 
Guildhall, whence they walk to St. Lawrence's church to hear 
service. They afterwards repair to Guildhall, where a com- 
mon hall is held, for the purpose of electing the lord mayor 
for the ensuing year. 

XXX. — The new sheriffs go in procession to Blackfriars 
bridge, where they enter the City state barges, and proceed to 
Westminster, to be accepted by the Queen . On this day the 
sheriffs entertain the members of the corporation and friends, 
with a grand dinner. 

October. — The winter theatres open. 

Nov. VIII. — Lord mayor sworn into office at Guildhall. 

IX. — Lord mayor enters upon office for the year ensuing ; 
on which occasion he proceeds in great state, attended by the 
sheriffs in their state coaches, the aldermen in their carriages, 
and the livery of the several companies, to Blackfriars bridge, 
where they embark in the splendid City barge, attended by the 
several City companies in their respective barges, adorned 
with flags and pendants. On arriving at Westminster, his 
lordship, after certain prescribed ceremonies, takes the usual 
oaths before the barons of the Exchequer. He then proceeds 
to the other courts to invite the judges to dinner, and finally 
returns by water to Blackfriars bridge. After again landing, 
he is preceded by the several companies, with banners and 
music ; the heralds in the old English dress, with sounding 
trumpets and waving plumes ; men in armour on horseback ; 
to which succeed his lordship's domestics and servants in 
gorgeous liveries, followed by his lordship in his scarlet or 
purple robes, richly furred, wearing his gold chain and collar, 
and seated in his massive state coach, drawn by six horses - r 
the procession brought up by the whole corporation. The 
day terminates with a magnificent entertainment, mostly at- 
tended by some members of the royal family, the ministers of 
state, and many representatives of the first families of the 
kingdom.— Birth day of the Prince of Wales. 



Xll DIARY OF ANNUAL OCCURRENCES. 

December. — About the middle of this month, the Anni- 
versary of the Smittmeld Cattle Show, a practice which origi- 
nated with Francis, Duke of Bedford, who offered prizes for 
the rearing of sheep, oxen, pigs, &c. Held at the Baker-street 
Bazaar. 

XXI. — St. Thomas's day. Election in all the wards for 
members to serve in the common council of the city of 
London. 

XXV. — Christmas day, celebrated at all the public places 
of Christian worship. 



cs 



CRUCHLEY'S 

NEW 



PICTURE OF LONDON 



RETROSPECTIVE VIEW. 

The early history of London is enveloped in much mys- 
tery ; brt as sufficient is known to serve for all the pur- 
pose~ liustrating its extraordinary change, from a town 
of comparative insignificance, to the largest, wealthiest, 
and most important metropolis in the world, little notice 
need be taken of the surmises and conflicting statements 
of historians. There can be no doubt that its earliest 
stages of improvement were extremely slow ; and, that it 
did not advance more rapidly from the sixth to the six- 
teenth century must be attributed to the frequent plagues 
and fires by which it was visited. 

Casting our eye upon the map of Europe, and bearing 
in mind the commercial changes produced by the growing 
importance of the northern countries, and the progress of 
navigation, which, after having been confined for ages to 
the Mediterranean, at length stretched forth its wings to 
the East, and subsequently embraced the New World — 
we perceive that London was so situated as to secure 
greater advantages from the combination of these changes 
than any other place of equal political importance in those 
times. Policy had sufficient foresight to invite Com- 
merce ; Commerce had the power, and felt it to be its 
interest, to lend all its influence to Policy. 

Situated on the river Thames, at the distance of sixty 
miles from the sea, this city was, at an early period, com- 

B 



^ RETROSPECTIVE VIEW. 

prised within a wall of no more than two miles in extent, 
enclosing a space of about four hundred acres. The wall 
commenced at a fort on the site of a part of the present 
Tower of London, and, running up one side of the Mino- 
ries to Aldgate, went along Houndsditch to Bevis Marks, 
where it shot off to the left, through Bishopsgate church- 
yard to Cripplegate, and then slightly southward towards 
Aldersgate; after running south-west by the back of 
Christ-church Hospital and old Newgate, it formed an 
angle, and proceeded south to Ludgate, where it formed 
another angle, and ran westward to the Fleet; when, 
turning again to the south, it ran along the banks of the 
Fleet to a second fort on the Thames; a second wall, 
running along the bank of the river from the former to 
the latter fort, formed the entire enclosure. The wall on 
the land side is supposed to have been about twenty feet 
high, surmounted at intervals by turrets, and intersected 
by gates, opening on the high roads ; of which there were 
originally but four, others being afterwards added as they 
became necessary. 

On the conversion of the Saxons to Christianity, Lon- 
don was nominated a bishop's see ; and, in 610, a cathe- 
dral was erected on the site of the present splendid 
cathedral of St. Paul, to whom the original edifice was 
dedicated. 

Towards the latter end of the eighth century, London 
was four times brought to the verge of destruction by 
fires, wherein many of its inhabitants perished. In 884, 
Alfred gained possession of it, restored and strengthened 
it, and laid the foundation of the municipal government, 
which, after many successive improvements, was brought 
into its present form. 

In 961, London was visited by a dreadful pestilence, 
which swept off many of its inhabitants ; and, in 982, it 
again suffered severely by fire : indeed at this period it 
underwent many vicissitudes, owing to the incursions of 
the Danes, till at length tranquillity was restored by the 
accession of William the First, who, in 1066, was crowned 
King of England, and who granted the City charter, still 



RETROSPECTIVE VIEW. 3 

in existence. In 1078, was erected that part of the 
Tower of London called the White Tower, for the purpose 
of intimidating the citizens, they having evinced some 
dissatisfaction at the new government. In 1086, another 
destructive fire took place, in which St. Paul's was burned 
down. The king, about the same period, deprived the 
bishops of all judgment in civil causes ; submitting them 
to the decision of twelve men of the same rank as the 
prisoner. 

Richard I., in consideration of 1500/. paid by the citi- 
zens, granted them a charter, establishing their claim to 
the conservatorship of the river Thames. 

John granted the City several charters, which consider- 
ably increased its importance. Among them was one, 
" empowering the barons of the City to choose a mayor 
annually, or to continue the same person from year to 
year, at their pleasure." In this reign was signed the 
far-famed Magna Chart a, which, among other advantages, 
secured to the City all its ancient privileges and free 
customs. 

In the reign of Edward the First, the City was divided 
into twenty-four wards, to each of which an alderman 
(chosen by the livery) was assigned, to be assisted in his 
duties by common councilmen, chosen, as at present, by 
the freemen of the City. 

At this time the River flowed up to Holborn bridge, 
under which it communicated with the ponds at Clerken- 
well. Holborn itself was a small stream called Old 
bourne. Farringdon street was the course of the river Fleet : 
Walbrook was a winding stream undulating through the 
city, and emptying itself into the Thames at Dowgate : 
these are now all arched over, and form serviceable sewers 
to receive and carry into the River the contributions from 
the numerous smaller ones. 

Little alteration seems to have taken place till the 
reign of Edward IV., when bricks were first made, and 
introduced into buildings : but what renders this reign 
ever memorable is, the first introduction of the art of 
printing, by William Caxton, citizen and mercer. 



>4 RETROSPECTIVE VIEW. 

In the reign of Henry the Eighth, many improvements 
were made, owing to the internal quiet of the kingdom, 
which was now fast rising into importance. By the sup- 
pression of the monasteries, many extensive buildings and 
valuable properties were transferred to more active indus- 
try ; thousands of unwilling captives were set free, and 
gave an impetus to trade ; police regulations were estab- 
lished, nuisances removed, the streets became partially 
paved, and measures were taken for the better provision- 
ing the town, now rapidly increasing in population. 

After this reign no change took place in the external 
appearance of the city for a considerable time, every pre- 
caution being taken by government to prevent its exten- 
sion. To the absurd restrictions at this period imposed, 
the inhabitants were, without doubt, mainly indebted for 
the quick succession of plagues by which they were visited 
in subsequent reigns. The last of these, which occurred 
in the reign of Charles II., was the most deplorable in its 
effects. It broke out in 1665, and raged for thirteen 
months, the deaths amounting, at times, to eight thou- 
sand weekly : families were swept away, whole districts 
disappeared, desolation spread abroad, the gay and the 
grave, the proud and the humble, the rich and the poor, 
were brought to a level, and swallowed up in one pro- 
digious ruin. Business was at an end, the doors were all 
closed, and death reigned triumphant through the streets, 
the silence of which was only disturbed by the chilling 
mandate, " Bring out your dead !" 100,000 persons are 
supposed to have perished during this dreadful visitation. 

Fortunately for succeeding ages, this was immediately 
followed by what is emphatically called The Great Fire 
of London, which broke out on the second of September, 
1666, and lasted four days, destroying nearly five-sixths 
of the whole City, and a great portion of the suburbs. 
A Monument erected on Fish street hill bears an inscrip- 
tion, containing a full account of the damage, estimated 
at 10,000,000/. 

In little more than four years after this fire, the City 
was again re-built, in a style in many respects much 



RETROSPECTIVE VIEW. O 

superior. Till this period London had remained " cribbed, 
cabined, and confined :" the houses had been constructed 
of wood, and thatched with straw, each story projecting 
as it rose, so that the upper stories nearly met at the top, 
preventing that free circulation of air which is so necessary 
to the health of a great city. At the same time the 
sewers were in a very bad state, and the streets, which 
were very narrow, and but partially paved, were con- 
stantly strewed with every species of filth, engendering 
noxious and pestilential vapours from below, that vainly 
sought an outlet above. This lamentable state of things 
could hardly have been remedied by any milder influence 
than the sweeping destruction of this fire, and therefore 
we have given it the epithet fortunate. 

As after this period London rose rapidly, and extended 
itself, unchecked by plagues or fires, we shall return and 
take a view of it, as presented to us by a map of the reign 
of Elizabeth, which represents the City (then declared 
already too large) and its outskirts, with a view of those, 
then distant, villages which have since become integral 
parts of the Metropolis. The present site of St. Kathe- 
rine's Docks appears to have been its extreme east, 
Tower hill lying open to the country ; the Minories were 
only built on one side fronting the Wall; Goodman's 
fields were pasture grounds, divided by hedge-rows from 
Spitalfields ; Houndsditch consisted of one row of houses, 
fronting the Wall ; and though Bishopsgate street, Nor- 
ton-folgate, and Shoreditch, contained rows of houses as 
far up as the church, they were unconnected by any cross 
streets ; Moorfields divided London from Hoxton ; and 
Finsbury fields, extending to Whitecross street, were 
dotted with windmills ; St, John street extended only as 
far as the old Monastery of Clerkenwell; and Cowcross 
street opened on the fields. Holborn was at this time a 
distant village, connected by a line of houses, the backs 
of which opened on fields, a part of Gray's inn lane alone 
branching off: High Holborn had no existence, and St. 
Giles's stood quite unconnected. The whole space be- 
tween Holborn and the Strand, with the exception of a 

b 2 



b RETROSPECTIVE VIEW. 

small portion at the lower end of Drury lane, which con- 
tained a few houses, was field and garden ground ; and 
from the houses in the Strand, the gardens in most cases 
extended to the water side. Covent garden was a garden 
belonging to the Convent at Westminster, and extending 
to St. Martin's lane ; the street now called the Hay- 
market was bounded by fields; Pall mall, St. James's 
street, Piccadilly, with the constant succession of streets, 
squares, &c, in that part of the town, had no existence, 
and Westminster was a small town to the south and 
south-west of St. James's park. On the opposite side of 
the River there were very few houses : Southwark ex- 
tended but a short way down the High street ; along 
Tooley street to Horsleydown the buildings were more 
unconnected ; after which a few houses and gardens only 
appeared ; while London bridge had a great number of 
houses on each side, hanging over the water. 

Comparing the present aspect of London with the fore- 
going outline, we cannot help smiling at the narrow- 
minded policy that would have continued it within such 
limits ; yet such was the infatuation of that and succeed- 
ing reigns, that it required all the powerful causes which 
arose about those- times to burst its bounds and swell it 
into importance. 

The increase of commerce by a junction with the 
Hanseatic Confederacy, the opening of a trade with the 
Muscovite merchants, the first formation of an American 
settlement, the formation of an East India Company, as 
also a company to trade with Turkey and the Levant, 
raised London into considerable importance, and it be- 
came the resort of merchants from all quarters. 

The religious persecutions in France, and the civil 
dissensions throughout Flanders, induced thousands to 
emigrate to London, and its population now rapidly in- 
creased. About this time the late Royal Exchange was 
built, by the liberality of Sir Thomas Gresham. 

It was now found requisite to extend the suburbs, to 
avoid the evils of a too dense population. Proclamations 
were set at defiance, and the north-east end became 



RETROSPECTIVE VIEW. / 

covered with buildings; Spitalfields were infringed on, 
West Smithfield became a populous neighbourhood, and 
the buildings, crossing over Clerkenwell, soon formed a 
junction with Holborn and St. Giles's. 

After the fire of 1666, London increased still more 
rapidly. The greatest portion of the old town having 
been destroyed, a new plan was adopted ; houses were no 
longer allowed to be built of wood, the streets were laid 
out more regularly and of greater width, and it arose 
from its ashes greatly improved in extent and beauty. 
Buildings rose thickly in the neighbourhood of Bishops- 
gate, as also in that of Goodman's fields ; and the west- 
ern side of the Minories, or what had been the ditch 
bounding the ancient wall, was now built. 

In the reign of James the Second, the revocation of the 
Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV. induced nearly 15,000 
French Protestants to quit their native shores and remove 
to London, where they settled, residing principally west- 
ward, in the neighbourhood of Long acre, St. Giles's, 
Soho, and Leicester square, which in consequence rapidly 
extended. 

The parish of St. Ann, and the streets connecting the 
east end of Oxford street with that of^St. James, were the 
principal additions of importance that were made to the 
Metropolis during the reign of William III. But the 
number of inhabitants, and consequently of private 
buildings, may be conceived to have been greatly in- 
creased in the following reign, from a proclamation in 
1711 for the building of fifty new churches in London and 
its suburbs, to meet the exigencies of an increased popu- 
lation. 

From this time houses and public edifices rose in quick 
and almost marvellous succession, over an incredible 
extent of hitherto unoccupied ground. The whole of the 
extensive space from Goodman's fields to Stepney, over 
Whitechapel road to Shadwell, has at length been covered 
with closely compacted habitations. The London, the St. 
Katherine's, the East and West India Docks, and the 
new Victoria Park, have been constructed, and the space 



8 RETROSPECTIVE VIEW. 

to Hackney, Bethnal green, and Mile End, built upon. 
On the opposite side of the River the buildings now ex- 
tend from Deptford to Camberwell, Kennington, and 
Stockwell; to Lambeth, Westminster, and Blackfriars, 
taking in the whole of St. George's fields ; and again, on 
the west, Chelsea, Walham green, Hammersmith, Turn- 
ham green, Kensington, and Hyde park corner. 

Bayswater, Paddington, Hampstead, Highgate, High- 
bury, Kingsland, Hackney, Somers' Town, Camden 
Town, Kentish Town, Pentonville, Holloway, and Isling- 
ton, have all become connected with London : the inter- 
mediate spaces which formerly separated them from the 
town, and each other, being now closely built upon and 
thickly inhabited. 

In this increase the parishes of St. Pancras, Padding- 
ton, and Marylebone, have surpassed all others in extent 
and beauty. Being contiguous to what is termed the 
fashionable end of the town, the style of the structures 
has been made to accord with the class of inhabitants 
for whom they were designed ; and the neighbourhood of 
Marylebone church and the Regent's park presents a suc- 
cession of noble mansions. 

While London has thus been fast encroaching on its 
surrounding hamlets, to accommodate the increased popu- 
lation consequent on a return of peace to the first com- 
mercial metropolis in the world, the comfort and appear- 
ance of its interior have not been neglected. Public 
convenience called for enlarged thoroughfares, and 
crowded districts have been removed to make way for 
noble streets, lined with costly mansions. Such was the 
origin of those architectural beauties in the vicinity of 
Pall mall, and on the site of the late Carlton palace ; and 
that magnificent line of streets leading from St. James's 
park to the Regent's park. St. Martin's church, now 
open to the view of the public, forms part of the eastern 
side of a spacious opening named Trafalgar square ; in 
the front of which is a monument to the immortal 
Nelson; the northern side is adorned with a National 
Gallery for the arts. The new Hungerford market, 



RETROSPECTIVE VIEW. V 

at the south-western extremity of the Strand, proves 
a formidable competitor, not only to Billingsgate market, 
but to that of Covent garden : its airy situation renders 
it an agreeable walk to the neighbouring inhabitants. 
A suspension bridge, for foot passengers, is now being 
erected here. Exeter change, and the line of houses 
down the north side of the Strand, have been re- 
moved, the street enlarged, and many improvements 
made, while others are still in progress in the vicinity. 
Covent garden market has undergone an entire change, 
and is now not only an object of convenience but of 
curiosity : the conservatory up stairs (over the covered 
stalls) forms a delightful stroll for the horticulturist. 
Fleet market has been removed, and the opening now 
forms a noble street (Farringdon street) leading to Hol- 
born bridge, and is in progress for a continued line to 
Islington. To the west of Farringdon street a market has 
been built, having three sides of a square roofed over. 
The greater part of it, however, is dark and inconvenient. 
The outside square, which is paved, is supplied with fruits 
and vegetables of the usual description. The New Post 
Office has long been in full activity — The Colisseum has 
realised its original promise ; and the Zoological Gardens, 
much enlarged, and considerably enriched by the liber- 
ality of his late and her present Majesty, have become 
an object of great attraction. 

London, taken in its largest extent, is said to contain 
from 10,000 to 12,000 streets, lanes, courts, &c. ; 
156,000 nouses and public edifices ; and from 1,500,000 
to 2,000,000 inhabitants. We have seen that it was con- 
tained within a circumference of two miles, and have now 
arrived at a period when it stands on a surface of eighteen 
square miles, within a supposed circumference of thirty 
miles. 

Since the plague of 1666, London has never been 
afflicted by any far-spreading distemper; but, on the 
contrary? has become celebrated for its salubrity. This 
is owing to the salutary changes which time and the pro- 



10 RETROSPECTIVE VIEW. 

gressive improvements of society have produced, together 
with the advance of the arts and sciences. Cleanliness, 
so essential to health, is promoted by the regular pave- 
ment of the streets, and the general construction of 
sewers : the latter are connected, by smaller ones, with 
each house, so as to carry off all the refuse. The general 
industry of the inhabitants, and the nature of their food, 
are also well adapted to preserve them sound in body ; 
and when disease from natural causes attacks them, the 
healing art, here practised with the utmost skill, is at 
hand to check its progress. 

When the stranger is informed that London contains 
from 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 inhabitants, he will cease to 
wonder at its amazing extent ; when he considers it as 
the central mart of the commerce of the world, gathering 
riches from all parts of the globe, and concentrating the 
wealth of many climes, he will readily conceive why its 
magnificence bears so close a proportion to its extent ; 
why all who have industry to dispose of, art to exhibit, 
science to teach, or ambition to gratify, should make it 
the haven of their hope : he will here see successful 
industry rising to honourable distinction, and imprudence 
falling into penury, degenerating into vice, and terminat- 
ing in disgrace. 

The minds that rule, and the means by which regu- 
larity is maintained in so mixed a multitude, the endless 
occupations of the various classes, the labours of the busy, 
the amusements of the idle, and the interest of the whole, 
form objects of curiosity to the foreigner and stranger, 
to which we will introduce him with the least possible 
delay. 

In what part of the town a stranger should take up his 
residence, must of course depend in a great measure on 
the principal object of his visit to London — whether it be 
business or pleasure ; but generally, the neighbourhood 
of Coveut garden and the Strand is preferred, as forming 
a centre to a greater variety of places and objects of curi- 
osity than any other spot in the Metropolis : it is imme- 



RETROSPECTIVE VIEW. 



11 



diately surrounded by the principal places of amusement 
and of fashionable resort, at the same time that it is not 
far removed from the City, Courts of Law, Public 
Offices, Literary and Scientific Institutions, &c. The 
extraordinary exterior features of London are the extent 
of ground it covers, and the busy multitudes in its streets. 
To receive a full impression of both these, the stranger 
should traverse the continued line of streets which divides 
it in the centre, running almost parallel with the River ; 
from Hyde park corner, along Piccadilly, turning down 
St. James's street, along Pall mall, over Charing cross, 
along the Strand, Fleet street, Ludgate hill, round the 
north side of St. Paul's, along Cheapside, by the Ex- 
change to Aldgate, and return by Cheapside, turning off 
to the right through Newgate street, Holborn, St. Giles's, 
to the end of Oxford street, at any time from eleven 
o'clock of the forenoon, to five of the afternoon. By 
becoming well acquainted with this leading line of streets, 
he will find his way with facility to any given place on the 
map, most parts of London communicating north and 
south with it. The most beautiful cross communication 
is the line of streets beginning at Pall mall ; including 
Waterloo place, the Quadrant, Regent street, and Portland 
place, leading to the Regent's park ; which in the summer 
season, at about three o'clock in the afternoon, presents an 
animated display of rank and fashion, in search of objects 
of art to adorn their persons or gratify their tastes. 

The lengths of the principal streets and roads in various 
parts of the Metropolis, are : 



YARDS. 

Aldersgate street 605 

Baker street 743 

Bermondsey street 836 

Bermondsey wall 660 

Berners street 330 

Bishopsgate street 1009 

Blackman street 344 

Bond street, (new) 733 

Bond street, (old) 209 

Borough road and High st. 1164 
Broad street, Bloomsbury . 341 
Broad street, (old) 339 



YARDS. 

Cheapside 462 

Chiswell street 385 

City road 1690 

Commercial road 5280 

Cornhill 375 

Edgeware road 1397 

Fenchurch street 627 

Fleet street 567 

Gracechurch street 336 

Haymarket 352 

Holborn, (high) 1051 

Lamb's Conduit street .... 385 



12 



THE ROYAL PALACE OF ST. JAMES, 



YARDS. 

Lombard street 330 

Long acre 457 

New road 3520 

Oxford street 1920 

Pall mall 693 

Parliament street 281 

Piccadilly 1650 

Portland street 625 

Ratcliffe highway 625 

Regent street , 1728 

St. James's street 385 

Shoreditch 710 



YARDS. 

Snow hill 127 

South Audley street 539 

Strand 1342 

Surrey road 1133 

Thames street, (lower) .... 484 

Thames street, (upper) .... 1007 

Tool ey street 748 

Tottenham court road .... 1 155 

Waterloo road 1300 

Whitechapel 1281 

Whitechapel road 999 



Having thus taken what may be termed a cursory view 
of the Metropolis, the stranger may commence more 
satisfactorily his systematic survey. 




THE ROYAL PALACE OF ST. JAMES, 
Pall mall, directly facing St. James's street, possess- 
ing many elegant and convenient apartments calculated 
for state purposes, was built in the reign of Henry the 
Eighth on the site of an hospital of the same name. This 
palace has been the town residence of our kings since the 
destruction of Whitehall in 1695. Its outward appear- 
ance is far from dignified, but the internal arrangement is 



BUCKINGHAM PALACE. 



13 



greatly admired ; and it is said to be better and more con- 
veniently suited to the holding of levees and drawing 
rooms than any other palace in Europe, and upon birth- 
days, fetes, and other state occasions, exhibits a degree of 
splendour difficult to produce an equal. Here, the Sove- 
reign holds her court; gives audience to her ministers, 
ambassadors, and officers of state, and receives the mem- 
bers of her own family. 

It is generally felt, that as a town residence this palace 
does not correspond with the dignity of the British Sove- 
reign ; and it is probable that, at some more auspicious 
period, another structure may be erected, more in accord- 
ance with the principles of true taste than the building at 
Pimlico, on the alteration and enlargement of which 
enormous sums have been expended. 




BUCKINGHAM PALACE, 

St. James's Park. — The residence of our gracious 
Queen Victoria, and Prince Albert. This is an old 
building with a new face ; but so great is the change that 
it is not generally known, even to the Londoners, to be no 
other than Buckingham House remodelled, that part of 
the old building still remaining being cased with stone. 



14 KENSINGTON PALACE. 

It occupies a large space, its principal front being directed 
towards the private grounds, thus very ungraciously turn- 
ing its back on the public. The architect, however, 
seems to have exerted all his skill in order to impart to 
the back-front of the Palace a magnificent and imposing 
appearance. 

The basement is a parallelogram, from which proceed 
two wings, forming three sides of a square. On the left 
are placed statues of History, Geography, and Astro- 
nomy; and on the right are those of Painting, Music, 
and Architecture ; the pediment in the centre contains 
the Royal Arms, above which are statues of Neptune, 
Commerce, and Navigation. The grand entrance from 
the Park consists of an arch of white marble, modelled 
from that of Constantine, at Rome, and adorned with 
sculpture, by Bailey and Westmacott. It is surmounted 
by the Royal Standard, during Her Majesty's residence 
in town. From each side of the arch runs a semicircular 
railing, extending to the wings. 

The state apartments look towards the gardens, which 
are very beautifully laid out : in the right wing are the 
private apartments, and in the left the chapel, domestic 
offices, &c. The chapel is of a beautiful form. In gene- 
ral, however, the interior of the Palace, as well as its 
exterior, is lamentably defective in architectural style, and 
in classical purity of decoration. At present it can be 
viewed only by special favour. 

KENSINGTON PALACE, 

The residence of the Duke of Sussex, and other distin- 
guished personages, originally belonged to Chancellor 
Finch, afterwards Earl of Nottingham. It is composed 
of brick, and has but little pretension to grandeur. The 
apartments are adorned with numerous paintings by dis- 
tinguished artists. Visitors are admitted on application 
to the housekeeper. 

The Gardens connected with this Palace are above 
three miles in circumference, were originally laid out 
under the direction of Queen Caroline by Bridgeman, 



WHITEHALL. 



15 



Kent, and Brown, and are equal, at least in beauty of 
arrangement, to any promenade in Europe. Here the 
work of Art has been so skilfully allied with that of 
Nature as to make it more lovely, without requiring any 
painful sacrifice. The walks, the ponds, the groves, the 
arbours, agree so well together as to form but one fasci- 
nating image in the mind of the spectator. Considerable 
improvements have been made by under-draining ; also 
the gravel walks, grass plats, and the avenues, have been 
completed and embellished by the addition of fresh plan- 
tations. In summer they form a fashionable and agree- 
able promenade. The entrances are in the Uxbridge 
road, Hyde park, and Kensington. 




WHITEHALL. 

The old Palace of this name was consumed by fire in 
1695, the banqueting house built by James the First 
alone escaping, which still remains a splendid monument 
of classic architecture. It is now converted into a chapel, 
where service is performed every Sunday, The ceiling, 
representing the apotheosis of James the First, was painted 
by Rubens, at an expense of ^3000. 



16 LAMBETH PALACE. — HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT. 

On a scaffold erected in front of this edifice Charles 
the First was beheaded, on the 30th of January, 1 648. 
Behind the banqueting house, in Privy Gardens, is a fine 
bronze statue of James the Second, cast by the celebrated 
Grinling Gibbons, the year before that misguided mo- 
narch abdicated the throne; the likeness is said to be 
well preserved. 

LAMBETH PALACE, 
The town residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury, is 
situated on the bank of the Thames, almost opposite 
the Houses of Parliament. Having been erected at dif- 
ferent periods, it displays various kinds of architecture. 
The Lollards' Tower, at the western extremity of the 
chapel, contains a small room, wainscotted with oak, 
on which are inscribed several names and portions of 
sentences in ancient characters, and the walls are fur- 
nished with large rings, to which the Lollards and other 
unfortunate persons, confined for heretical opinions, are 
supposed to have been affixed. The park and gardens, 
which contain near thirty acres, are laid out with great 
taste, and form a very beautiful promenade. 

HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT. 

As we are now about to describe the Houses of Parlia- 
ment, and Courts of Law, it may not be out of place to 
give here a brief sketch of the nature of the English 
government. The form is monarchical, the succession 
hereditary, and the legislative power is vested in the 
Queen, Lords, and Commons, the assent of all three 
being requisite to the promulgation of a law. 

The Queen is the fountain of justice, and head of the 
church ; she has the power of sending and receiving am- 
bassadors, of making war and peace, of raising and regu- 
lating fleets and armies, of pardoning crimes, &c. 

The House of' Lords consists of the Peers of the Realm, 
spiritual and temporal, the whole amounting in number 
to 442.— 



HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT. 



17 



Royal Dukes 3 

Dukes 21 

Marquesses 24 

Earls 132 

Viscounts 26 

Barons 217 

Archbishops , 2 

Bishops 24 

449 



Peers of England 401 

Peers of Scotland 16 

Peers of Ireland 28 

Irish Bishops 4 



Deduct Peers, having En- 1 
glish titles J 



449 



442 



The House of Commons consists of six hundred and 
fifty eight Knights of the Shire and Burgesses, elected to 
represent the interests of counties, cities, towns, and 
burghs : — 



Ed glish Members 471 

Welsh ditto 29 



Scotch Members 53 

Irish ditto 107 



These Knights and Burgesses are chosen by the free- 
holders and householders of the respective districts, as 
their representatives, to watch over their local as well as 
general interests, and to protect them from any encroach- 
ment by the crown or the aristocracy. 

These three powers combined form the parliament or 
general assembly for debating on matters touching the 
common weal, and the making and correcting of laws. 

The Privy Council is an honourable assembly chosen 
by the Queen, and sworn to advise her to the best of their 
judgment, and to keep their counsels secret. 

The Queen, by the advice of the Privy Council, fixes 
the time of opening the Parliament, also prorogues or 
dissolves it, and issues a proclamation for a new election. 
The natural term of each parliament is seven years. The 
houses mostly meet for the despatch of business between 
the months of January and August, according to the 
pleasure of the Queen, who is generally guided by the 
necessities of the state. On opening the Session, the 
Queen declares her motives for calling them together ; in 
its progress she occasionally repairs to the house to give 
her assent to bills, on all which occasions she goes in 
state, and on those days the Peers attend in their robes. 

Should the Queen open the session in person, the 
stranger is recommended, if possible, to make interest to 

c 2 



18 HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT. 

gain admittance,, as the house presents on such occasions a 
coup d'ceil of great magnificence ; but admittance can be 
obtained only by means of a peer's ticket, and strangers 
must be in full dress. On ordinary meetings of the 
house, strangers in full dress will find an easy passport in 
the courtesy of the door keepers. 

The Ministers of the Crown, who carry on the effective 
business of the state, are members of the Privy Council, 
and, as such, responsible for the acts of government. 
The administration consists of — 

First Lord of the Treasury (Prime Minister), 

Lord High Chancellor and Speaker of the House of Lords, 

Secretary of State for the Home Department, 

Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 

Secretary of State for the Colonial Department, 

President of Her Majesty's Privy Council, 

Chancellor of the Exchequer, 

First Lord of the Admiralty, 

President of the India Board, 

President of the Board of Trade, 

Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, 

Postmaster General, 

Lord Steward of the Household, 

Her Majesty's Attorney General, 

Her Majesty's Solicitor General, 

Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 

Under Secretary of State for Ireland. 

THE HOUSE OF LORDS. 

Previously to the fire which occurred on the night of 
the 16th of October, 1834, and by which the two 
Houses of Parliament were almost entirely destroyed, the 
House of Lords, adjoining Westminster Hall, was a noble 
chamber, capable of accommodating from 430 to 450 
peers. It was hung with ancient tapestry, representing 
the Defeat of the Spanish Armada. What was termed 
the Painted Gallery is now appropriated to the temporary 
use of the Peers. It was formerly the identical House of 
Lords which Guy Faux endeavoured to blow up, and it is 
situated immediately above the cellar he had hired for 
that purpose. Upon entering this apartment, the be- 
holder is struck with the judicious arrangements of the 
architect, (Sir Robert Smirke,) in this phcenix-like build- 



HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT. 19 

ing, reared amidst surrounding ruins. In the pier 
between the two windows at the extreme end, the space is 
allotted for the throne, which is decorated with the 
carpet of its predecessor, fortunately saved by its being 
up for the purpose of cleaning, previously to the fire. 
The flooring on each side is raised by two low steps for 
the seats, which are formed of plain oak, framed with 
single rail backs and stiles. The space allows of three 
tiers on each side, over part of which are galleries, each 
capable of holding two tiers of seats, supported by iron 
brackets, cased by composition. On the right of the 
chamber, the former King's-entrance doorway still retains 
its name and use. On the same side is also a window, 
admitting a small portion of light ; and nearly facing it 
are two others, which command a striking and beautiful 
view of the ruins of St. Stephen's Chapel, formerly the 
House of Commons, and the surrounding scenery. The 
architect has judiciously heightened the walls of this 
building by at least one third, and immediately over the 
throne has supplied a Gothic-headed, five-lighted oblong 
window. Over the entrance end, facing the throne, is a 
large commodious gallery for strangers, reporters, &c. 
On the left of the bar is a door leading to the committee- 
rooms, four in number. On the right of the bar is an 
entrance for the Lords, communicating with a passage 
from the House of Commons from the door on the right 
of the Speaker's chair. The sides are boarded, grained, 
and varnished, to about nine feet above the gallery, and 
thence papered to the ceiling, from which is suspended 
chandeliers for wax lights. The apartment is about 50 
feet long, 18 or 20 wide, and nearly 28 high. Great im- 
provements have recently been made in the plan of venti- 
lating the house, and of warming it by means of hot 
water : and the benches are so arranged as to accommo- 
date the Peers with less inconvenience than was before 
experienced. 

THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. 
The former House of Lords, now converted into the 



20 HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT. 

House of Commons, is in its appearance very neat ; the 
building strong and commodious. The floor on each 
side is raised three steps, the same as that of the Lords — 
only with four tiers of seats on each side — and the en- 
trance end, facing the Speaker's chair, is also elevated by 
three steps, admitting an entrance passage way on the 
level of the floor in the centre, over which there is a large 
commanding gallery for the public, capable of containing 
between two and three hundred persons, being entirely 
over the lobby, &c. There are also galleries on each side 
for the members, with three tiers of seats in each, the 
whole length of the room. Over the Speaker's chair is 
a neat and commodious gallery, the front of which is appro- 
priated to the reporters for newspapers only; under is a door 
leading to the Speaker's robing and retiring-room, and 
one on the right leading to the House of Lords, by which 
the bills are taken up to them. There are committee- 
rooms, and also a with-drawing room for strangers to re- 
tire upon clearing the house. The ceiling is oblong, 
showing the tie beams, which are enriched with plain 
mouldings and cornice all round, with circular apertures 
for the new improved Bude Lights ; the former semi- 
circular apertures are raised for the windows, which have 
upright mullions, glazed with square panes. The sides 
are also boarded all round to about seven or eight feet 
above the galleries, and above that distinguished in imi- 
tation of stone work of grey granite. The whole is 
heated by hot water, and admirably ventilated, by means 
of a new and ingeniously adapted apparatus. The House 
of Commons is about 80 feet long, 40 wide, and nearly 
30 feet high. 

Within these two years, several new buildings adjoin- 
ing have been erected for the accommodation of the 
Speaker and Members; one of them, a commodious 
room, sufficiently large to hold 400 Members, for the pur- 
pose of facilitating divisions, the entrance to which is by 
a door at the back of the Speaker's chair. The new pri- 
vate room for the Speaker is exceedingly light and con- 
venient, and furnished with taste. The rooms for the 



HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT. 21 

Speaker's Secretary, and other Officers of the House, 
are also arranged with taste and judgment. 

The Speaker of the/ House takes the chair at twelve 
o'clock, when business commences, provided the requisite 
number of Members be present, fewer than forty not 
forming a legal sitting. During the evening, strangers 
may be admitted. Persons wishing to speak to a member 
during a sitting of the House, must apply to the door- 
keeper in the lobby, who will inform them whether the 
member be yet arrived ; and, if this be the case, he will 
send in the names of the party, who must wait patiently 
the result ; during which time they will have an oppor- 
tunity of seeing the various members going backward and 
forward as they arrive or retire. 

Unfortunately, there is now some difficulty in gaining 
access to the strangers' gallery of the House of Commons. 
Formerly, admission used to be by a member's order, or 
(in common cases) by a fee of half-a-crown to the door- 
keepers. The fee, being deemed objectionable, has been 
abolished ; and the only means of now procuring ad- 
mission, is by the order of a member. 

When parliament is not sitting, strangers may view the 
Houses of Lords and Commons on giving each House 
attendant a gratuity. 

It was determined by the legislature, that the Houses 
of Parliament (in consequence of the destruction by fire 
of the former ones), should be rebuilt upon a scale of 
magnificence worthy of a great and powerful nation, and a 
committee was appointed to obtain designs from such 
architects as chose to compete for certain premiums. 
From the numerous designs, that of Mr. Barry was 
selected, the general design of which embraces the follow- 
ing main features : — The River Front, consisting principally 
of apartments devoted to the use of committees, meetings 
for conferences, &c. ; with the residence of the Speaker 
at the north end, and that of the Usher of the Black Rod 
and Librarian of the House of Peers at the south end ; — 



22 HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT. 

a parallel and corresponding front facing the Abbey; 
with the Clock Tower, situated at the north end, and the 
Victoria Tower, at the south end. 

The quadrangular space contains the Houses of Lords 
and Commons, and the Central Tower, which is designed 
for the purpose of ventilation. The progress made 
towards the completion of this magnificent building is 
seen best from Westminster Bridge ; the towers nearest 
the bridge are completed externally, and the entire River 
Front presents a rich display of graceful mouldings, tra- 
cery, carvings, and decorations, with innumerable heraldic 
devices, &c, carved from the solid rock of massive mag- 
nesian limestone. The immense structure of the Victoria 
Tower, (the main arches of which alone are much higher 
than the houses in Abingdon street,) is equally rich in 
decoration with the River Front. The roof of the House 
of Lords is composed of wrought and cast iron galvan- 
ised; the ceilings and wainscotting are of oak, elaborately 
carved and emblazoned with the arms of the different 
Peers ; the flooring is of cast iron, and perforated so as 
to allow of the admission of warm or cold air. The 
House of Commons is not in so forward a state. St. 
Stephen's and the Victoria Halls will be among the 
grandest edifices in London, it being the intention to 
decorate them profusely with sculpture and fresco, treat- 
ing of historical subjects. The beautiful crypt of St. 
Stephen's is now being restored to its pristine beauty, 
and will be assigned as a chapel for the Members of 
the Lower House to hear prayers. The lobbies, halls, 
and public entrances are intended to be adorned with 
sculpture and other appropriate embellishments. It is 
confidently stated, that the building will be ready for use 
by the Sessions of 1847. 

In examining a work of this vast magnitude, employing 
nearly one thousand artificers, it is impossible not to be 
struck with the many novel and ingenious devices which 
have been adopted, with the view of shortening the labour 
and perfecting the construction of the undertaking. In 



WESTMINSTER HALL. 



23 



concluding these brief remarks, we cannot refrain from 
paying a just and well-merited tribute to the genius of 
the able architect who designed, and under whose direction 
this noble building is rapidly advancing to completion. 




WESTMINSTER HALL 

Stands in New Palace Yard. It is the largest room in 
Europe unsupported by pillars, being 270 feet in length, 
74 in width, and 90 in height. It is built in the old 
gothic style of the eleventh century, and was formerly the 
Hall of Parliament. The roof is of extraordinary beauty, 
adorned with various emblematical devices. This Hall 
has been the scene of varied feelings and opposite in- 
terests. Here Richard II. received and entertained 
10,000 guests at his Christmas festivals ; and here the 
unfortunate Charles I. received sentence of death. In 
our own time it has been the stage of criminal inves- 
tigation in the cases of Warren Hastings and Lord Mel- 
ville, and of splendid conviviality at the eventful coronation 
of George IV. From this Hall are entrances into the 
supreme courts of law, which have been newly built in a 



24 COURTS OF LAW. 

style corresponding with that of the hall, and are open to 
strangers who may wish to witness the proceedings. The 
respective courts are as follows : — 

The Court of Chancery, designed to mitigate 
the rigour of the law, and decide according to equity, is 
the highest court of judicature in the kingdom next to 
the parliament. It has two jurisdictions — one common 
law — the other equity. 

The Court of Queen's Bench, in which are tried 
all matters determinable at common law, between the 
sovereign and her subjects. 

The Court of Common Pleas, in which are 
debated causes between subject and subject. 

The Court of Exchequer, for the trial of all 
causes relating to the revenue, customs, fines, &c. 

The Rolls Court. The Master of the Rolls is 
Keeper of the Rolls, or records of the pleadings and acts 
of these courts, as rules for future decision. 

The Vice Chancellor's Court originated in 
1813, for the assistance of the Lord Chancellor, in his 
judicial duties. 

The other courts for the administration of justice, in 
different parts of the town, are these : — • 

The Marshalsea Court, in Scotland yard, which 
has jurisdiction of all civil suits within twelve miles of 
Whitehall, the City of London excepted. Court held 
every Friday in the afternoon. 

The High Court of Admiralty, Doctors' Com- 
mons, which takes cognizance of all maritime pleas, cri- 
minal and civil piracies, and crimes committed on the 
high seas ; but criminals are tried by a special commission 
at the Sessions' House, Old Bailey. 

The Ecclesiastical Court, Doctors' Commons, 
for trying causes relative to wills and administrations; 
for granting dispensations to marry, and taking cog- 
nizance of all kinds of offences against religion. Here 
are also the offices in which wills are deposited; the 
charge of one shilling is made for an inspection of any. 

The Court of Bankruptcy, for the examination 



COURTS OF LA.W. 25 

of bankrupts and their creditors, Basinghall street, in the 
City. 

Court for Insolvent Debtors, Portugal street, 
Lincoln's-inn fields, instituted for the purpose of releas- 
ing all persons confined three months in prison for debt, 
and who on applying to be released, surrender their effects 
to their creditors. 

Courts of Request, of which there are several, for 
the recovery of debts under forty shillings, where the 
proceedings are rapidly conducted, and redress soon ob- 
tained. They are in Guildhall buildings, City ; Kings- 
gate street, Holborn; Castle street, Leicester square; 
Vine street, Piccadilly; Swan street, Trinity street, 
Southwark; and Osborne street, Whitechapel. 

The four principal inns of court are : the Inner Temple 
and Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn, and Gray's Inn. 

The Temple. The principal entrance is the Middle 
Temple Gate, which was erected from the design of Inigo 
Jones. It is situated near Temple Bar. St. Mary's, or 
the Temple Church, in the Inner Temple, is an ancient 
gothic stone building, erected in the reign of Henry the 
Second. It is remarkable for its circular vestibule, and 
for the tombs of the crusaders who were buried here. 
The Norman arch, forming the entrance, is much admired. 
The whole has lately undergone a complete restoration, at 
the immense cost of ^50,000. 

The Inner Temple is to the east of Middle Temple 
Gate, and has a cloister, garden, and spacious walks. 
The paved terrace in front of the hall and chapel forms 
an excellent promenade. The gardens extend along the 
bank of the Thames, commanding views of Blackfriars 
and Waterloo bridges, and Somerset House. They are 
open to the public at six o'clock in the evening for a few 
weeks during the summer months, after the first week in 
June. 

The Middle Temple joins the Inner Temple on the 
west. The hall is a spacious and elegant room, adorned 
with a curious carved screen, and several valuable paint- 
ings. 



26 POLICE. 

Lincoln's Inn, situated between Chancery lane and 
Lincoln's-inn square. The buildings form a quadrangle, 
the chapel and hall occupying two sides. The hall is a 
spacious room, 62 feet by 32, in which the Lord Chan- 
cellor holds his sittings out of term. Nearly adjoining are 
the Vice Chancellors' courts. In the garden is erecting 
a handsome gothic building, which will contain a dining 
hall, library, committee rooms, &c. 

Gray's Inn, the principal part of a quadrangular 
form, and principally occupied by hamsters and students. 
The hall and chapel are deserving of inspection. The 
gardens, which are well laid out, are open every day. 

Besides these principal inns of court, there are two 
Sergeants' inns; one in Fleet street, and the other in 
Chancery lane. 

The Inns of Chancery are, Thavies inn, Holborn 
hill, occupied chiefly by private individuals; Clement's 
inn, Strand ; Clifford's inn, Fleet street ; Staple's inn, 
Holborn ; Lyon's inn, Newcastle street ; Furnival's inn, 
Holborn ; Barnard's inn, Holborn ; Symond's inn, Chan- 
cery lane ; New inn, Wych street. 

The Law Institute, Chancery lane, contains a 
library, and accommodation for country attorneys to 
transact the business which may call them to London. 
The examination of articled clerks takes place here, 
previous to their being admitted as attorneys. 

The Judges' Chambers, erected on a part of Rolls 
Chapel Garden; the entrances are from Clifford's inn and 
Chancery lane. 

POLICE. 

The Metropolis is under a well organized police, which is 
daily increasing in value and security to the inhabitants. 

The Metropolitan Police Force. — Chief Office, 
No. 4, Whitehall place. — Commissioners, Lieut. Col. 
Rowan and R. Mayne, Esq. The Metropolitan Police 
district is divided into divisions, varying in size, but 
having the same number of men and officers. Each divi- 
sion is divided into eight sections, and each section into 



POLICE. 



27 



eight beats. The force consists of 19 superintendents, 
109 inspectors, 459 police sergeants, 3807 police con- 
stables; total 4394. (This includes the Thames police 
force of about 100.) 

The police offices for the Metropolis, to which Magis- 
trates are appointed, are — 



Bow street, Covent garden, 
Queen's square, Westminster, 
Great Marlborough street, 
High street, Marylebone, 
Clerkenwell, Bagnigge Wells 
road 



Worship street, Shoreditch, 
Lambeth street, Whitechapel, 
Union street, Southwark, 

and 
Wapping New stairs. 



City of London Police Force. — Chief Office, 
26, Old Jewry, Cheapside. — Commissioner, Daniel 
Whittle Harvey, Esq. The new City police superseded 
the ward watchmen in 1839. The force consists of 13 
inspectors, 47 sergeants, and 482 constables ; total 542. 
It is divided into six divisions ; in each division there is 
a station. These stations are as follows : 1. Cripplegate ; 
2. Smithfield; 3. Black horse court, Fleet street; 4. 
Watling street ; 5. Tower street ; 6. Bishopsgate street. 

The City is under the control of its own magistracy, con- 
sisting of the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, and a numerous 
body of officers. In the City are two police offices, the 
Mansion house and Guildhall, where magistrates sit daily to 
hear charges and complaints. 

The magistrates of these offices are empowered to de- 
cide in cases relative to hawkers, pedlars, pawnbrokers, 
hackney coaches, misdemeanors, street offences, assaults, 
gaming houses, prostitutes, public houses, and cases gene- 
rally requiring summary decisions. They are to consider 
the cases of poor persons applying for admission to work- 
houses, examining persons accused of robbery, murder, 
treason, uttering base coin, manslaughter, burglary, &c. 
It may be remarked, however, that since the passing of 
the Poor Law Amendment Act, the power of the magis- 
trates, in assisting the poor, is greatly reduced. 

Police officers patrol the streets night and day, and are 
always at hand in case of need, to give assistance. A 
strong and well selected body of police, and lately greatly 
improved in efficiency, performs this duty out of the pre- 



28 



GOVERNMENT OFFICES. — ADMIRALTY 



cincts of the City. The present day police of the City, 
resembles in its organization that of the other parts of the 
town. 

Station-houses are placed at convenient distances 
throughout London, where police inspectors, constables, &c., 
take charges against or receive offenders, during the night, 
and produce them the next morning before a magistrate. 

Three regiments of foot guards, consisting of about 
5000 men, including officers, &c, and three regiments of 
the household brigade of cavalry, of 1200 men, form a 
general military establishment for the Metropolis. But 
none of these troops can enter the City without the espe- 
cial leave of the lord mayor. A body, called the yeomen 
of the guard, consisting of 140 men, 40 of whom are 
quartered in the Tower, and on duty there, remain an 
interesting relic of the king's guards of the sixteenth 
century, whose dress they still retain, and the remainder 
are on duty at St. James's Palace. 

GOVERNMENT OFFICES. 
A few minutes walk down Whitehall from Charing Cross, 
presents an association of public offices, the influence and 
effect of which are unequalled. The first, a large brick 
building to the right, is the Admiralty, where the move- 




HORSE GUARDS. 



29 



raents and policy of our navy are arranged, and whence issue 
those orders which strike terror to the hearts of distant 
nations. Further on, is a large stone building, presenting 
an opening into St. James's park, called the Horse 
Guards, where the business of our armies is canvassed and 




decided. The energy of this department, assisted by 
the dauntless bravery of our troops, has conquered in 
every clime, and at all seasons. A few paces onwards, is 
a newly-faced building, in which our civil and domestic 
concerns are organised, the interests of our colonies, and 
our relations with foreign powers regulated, &c. ; and ad- 
joining this stands the Treasury, which annually receives 
and pays nearly sixty-five millions of pounds sterling. In 
this last group of buildings, the Prime Minister generally 
has his residence. It may not be uninteresting to state, 
that a part of the Treasury fronting Whitehall is a por- 
tion of the palace of Cardinal Wolsey, though recent 
improvements have obliterated all traces of its antiqutiy. 



d 2 



30 



TREASURY. — SOMERSET HOUSE, 




Contiguous to these, are the offices of the Home depart- 
ment, the Board of Trade, the Privy Council, &c, pre- 
senting to the street a fine front, after that of the Temple 
of Jupiter Stator at Rome. St. James's park, and the 
Horse Guards parade in front of it, lie at the back of the 
Treasury, the Horse Guards, and the Admiralty. The 
Board of Control for India affairs, originally built for 
the New Transport Office, stands in Cannon row, at the 
back of Parliament street. It is a neat brick and stone 
building, with a flight of steps, and a portico of the Ionic 
order. 

SOMERSET HOUSE, 

Strand, formerly the Palace of the Protector Somerset, 
was founded in the sixteenth century. Here Queen Eliza- 
beth, Anne of Denmark, and Catherine, Queen of Charles 
II., occasionally held their courts. The present beautiful 
structure, occupying the site of the former, was raised from 
designs by Sir W. Chambers, in 1775-76, for the purpose 
of concentrating all the minor offices of government. The 
basement consists of nine large arches, on the keystones 
of which are cut colossal masks, representing Ocean, and 
the eight great rivers of England. The attic, which (lis- 



SOMERSET HOUSE. 



31 




tinguishes the centre of the front, is divided into three 
parts by four statues of exquisite sculpture : it terminates 
with a group, consisting of the arms of the British empire, 
supported by the Genius of England, and Fame sounding 
her trumpet. On passing through the open arches, the 
building presents a complete square. Directly fronting the 
entrance, and opposite the centre arch, is a bronze statue 
of George III., with old father Thames at his feet, exe- 
cuted by Bacon, to commemorate His Majesty's recovery 
in 1789. Under the open arches at the principal entrance 
on the left, are the apartments of the Royal Society, and 
the Society of Antiquaries; on the right, those of the 
University of London, and the School of Design. The 
London University was established by Royal charter 
in the year 1837, for the purposes of examination and con- 
ferring Degrees in Arts, Laws, and Medicine. Inquiries 
should be addressed to the Registrar, at the office of the 
University. 

The School of Design, under the general superintend- 
ence of Mr. Dyce and competent masters, has divided 
its branches of instruction into three sections ; 1 . Ele- 
mentary Instruction ; 2. In the principles and practice of 
Ornamental Art ; 3. in Design for Manufactures. Candi- 
dates for admission will be reported to the Council, by 



32 PARKS, PROMENADES, ETC. 

whom the Students are admitted. Fees of admission, 
Morning School, per month, 4s., Evening School 2s. 
Morning students have permission to attend the Evening 
School free of payment. Fees payable in advance. 
Hours of attendance, 10 till 3 every day ; and 6 till 9 in 
the evening, except Saturday. Open to the public every 
Monday, free, from 1 till 3. The Geological and the 
Royal Astronomical Society have apartments in the same 
building, facing the quadrangle. 

The eastern wing of Somerset House was completed in 
1833, for the use of King's College, which, as well as the 
University College in Gower street, have the privilege of 
sending candidates for degrees to the London University. 

Among the government offices in Somerset House are 
the Navy Pay Office, Stamps and Taxes, Legacy Duty, 
Poor Law Commissioners, Audit Office, &c. &c. 



PARKS, PROMENADES, ETC. 

The stranger will not regret being early made acquainted 
with spots to which he may resort for the benefit of fresh 
air, wholesome exercise, pleasing prospects, and to escape 
from that oppression which persons from the country too 
frequently feel in the close and crowded streets of a great 
city. — The want of open spaces, as a means of healthful 
exercise for the dense population of the city, had long 
been grievously felt, and complained of. Government 
have at length taken the question into serious consider- 
ation ; a report has been made of the different plots of 
ground near the city which are fit to be converted into 
public walks ; important improvements are in contempla- 
tion ; and are already begun, agreeably to the wishes of 
the public. The west of London, however, already con- 
tains an ample provision of this nature, every quarter pre- 
senting a varied succession of open squares, the centre of 
each being well, and in some instances tastefully, laid out 
in grass-plot and shrubbery, forming a pleasant place of 
recreative exercise for the younger branches of the neigh- 
bouring families. 



ST. james's park. 33 



ST. JAMES'S PARK, 

Originally a complete morass, was enclosed by Henry 
VIII., and tastefully laid out as pleasure grounds to his 
new palace of St. James's. It was subsequently improved 
and enlarged by Charles II., since which time it has be- 
come a principal promenade of the public. Its chief entrance 
is from Whitehall, through the entrance of the Horse 
Guards, which immediately lead to a large parade, where 
troops are frequently reviewed in considerable bodies. 
On the parade are seen two curious pieces of foreign ord- 
nance : the one is a Turkish piece, brought from Alex- 
andria by our troops : it is of great length, and is mount- 
ed upon a carriage of English structure. The other is a 
large mortar, taken at the siege of Cadiz, and presented 
to the King of England by order of the Spanish regency. 
It is mounted on an allegorical carriage, bearing several 
very curious figurative devices ; it is said to weigh sixteen 
tons, and to be capable of throwing a shell to the distance 
of three miles. In the centre of the park is a large and 
beautiful piece of water, pleasingly diversified by rocky 
mounds, and surrounded by serpentine walks, through 
parterres and shrubberies, the whole inclosed by an iron 
railing, with gates at stated distances. On the water are 
numerous varieties of aquatic birds, foreign and domestic, 
chiefly under the care and superintendence of the Orni- 
thological Society of London, under the patronage of His 
Royal Highness Prince Albert. Though thousands of 
persons are daily gratified by admiring and feeding the 
water-fowl, placed there by this society, few are aware 
that they may become themselves members of this useful 
and interesting institution, formed for the purpose of 
breeding collections of water-fowl, and secondly, to dis- 
tribute duplicates of them gratuitously among such 
members as may be desirous of acquiring a collection of 
aquatic birds. A book is open at the cottage to receive 
the names of gentlemen desirous of becoming members. 
On a fine afternoon, but more particularly on a Sunday, 



'M st. james's park. 

the lake and shrubberies form a scene of great animation. 
In the winter, when the ice permits, this is a favourite 
resort of skaiters, whose feats and mishaps afford a fund 
of amusement to innumerable spectators. Outside the 
iron railing, on the northern and southern sides, are 
broad walks, presenting in every direction views of grand 
and noble mansions : these walks are planted with trees, 
and supplied with a considerable number of seats, placed 
at convenient distances. 

Every morning, from ten to eleven, a regiment of the 
foot guards parades the park, accompanied by its band ; 
after which, it proceeds to relieve the regiment on duty 
at the palace, where the bands of both play favourite 
pieces, alternately, for nearly half an hour. 

Great improvements have been made in the side known 
as the Birdcage walk. Near to Storey's gate a keeper's 
lodge has been erected, and in the Inclosure, near the 
water, the Ornithological Society's cottage is deserving 
of notice. Besides the extensive barracks on this side, 
there is a handsome doric chapel erected for the military. 
It is open for the public on Sundays. 

Recent alterations have greatly improved the side of 
this park nearest to Pall mall. A stately range of elegant 
houses has been formed on the site of Carlton Palace. 
His late Majesty, on ascending the throne, commanded a 
way to be made into the park, and a fine flight of steps 
to be constructed for the convenience of the public. At 
this entrance to the park, a column of pale red granite, 
150 feet in height, has been erected to the memory of the 
late Duke of York. The column, ascended by a spiral 
staircase, open daily (except Sundays) from twelve to 
three, admission sixpence each; no charge for children 
under three years of age. It is surmounted by a bronze 
statue of His Royal Highness. Opposite this column in 
the crossways is the newly invented Bude Light. 

The respective gates of the interior of this park are 
open to the public from eight o'clock in the morning, till 
from four to nine in the evening, according to the season 



THE GREEN PARK. 



35 




of the year. Buckingham gate, and that of the Stable 
yard, are open all night, and that of the Bird cage walk 
during the sitting of Parliament. 

Between St. James's park and Hyde park, and com- 
municating with each, is 

THE GREEN PARK. 

The most important and complete work of improvement 
is that which has been effected in the Green Park, which 
for many years had been left in the most unsightly state ; 
ithasnow been converted into a pleasant place of resort and 
convenient thoroughfare to Hyde Park and Knights- 
bridge, the hollow places having been filled up, and 
the whole surface of the ground brought into better 
form ; gravel walks have been made and lined with trees, 
a few detached clumps have also been planted, but so as 
to leave a great portion of the greensward available for a 
walk. Further improvements are in progress by the in- 
tended removal of the deputy ranger's house, to consist 
of a noble terrace, public walks, fountains, and statues, 



36' 



rHE GREEN PARK. 



and when finished, will be a splendid embellishment of 
the principal streetonenteringthe Metropolis from the west. 
On leaving the park, at the north-west extremity, 
opening into Piccadilly, the coup d'ceil is magnificent. 
On one side, to the left, are the grand entrance gates* 
to the park and the new palace, under a splendid tri- 
umphal arch, from designs by Mr. Nash. A magnificent 
equestrian statue of Wellington, by Wyatt, will surmount 
the whole. The massive gates are of bronzed iron, of 
extraordinary workmanship, containing the royal arms in 
the centre. Opposite is a second triumphal arch, form- 
ing an entrance into Hyde park, completed in 1828 from 
designs by Mr. Decimus Burton. It consists of a screen 
of fluted Ionic columns, with three archways for carriages, 
and two smaller ones for foot passengers. The whole 
frontage extends 107 feet. The architecture is light and 
elegant, and the gates are curious specimens of bronzed 
iron work, manufactured by Messrs. Bramah. The 
stately modern edifice immediately adjoining is Apsley 
house, the town residence of the Duke of Wellington. 




* The chamber connected with these gates has been converted into 
a resident office for policemen. 



HYDE PARK. 3/ 



HYDE PARK, 

At the western extremity of the metropolis, occupies 395 
acres of ground, abounding in pleasing scenery, and 
planted in various parts with fine wide spreading trees. 
Directly opposite the central arch of the grand entrance 
is a colossal statue of Achilles, by Westmacott, raised by 
the ladies of England in honour of the Duke of Welling- 
ton and his brave associates in the struggle with the con- 
tinental despot, and bearing an appropriate inscription. 
It was cast from twelve twenty-four pounders, taken at 
the battles of Salamanca, Vittoria, Toulouse, and Water- 
loo. It is about twenty feet high, and thirty tons in 
weight, and stands on a basement of granite. 

One of the most delightful sights connected with Lon- 
don is the appearance of Hyde park on Sunday afternoons 
from March to July. The spacious gravelled roads are 
then covered with horsemen and carriages from two to five 
o'clock. No spot affords the stranger so good an oppor- 
tunity of seeing the fashionable world in the bulk. The 
broad footpath, which runs from Hyde park corner to 
Kensington gardens, is frequently so crowded at those 
times with well-dressed people that it is difficult to pro- 
ceed. As many as 50,000 persons in the full tide of 
enjoyment are frequently seen here. The Serpentine 
river flows through this park, at the eastern extremity of 
which an artificial water-fall has been constructed. In the 
frosty season this river is a celebrated scene of slippery 
gambols, not unattended by danger. On the north side 
of it is a station of the Humane Society, the keeper's 
lodge, two powder magazines, and a guard house ; here 
are also two mineral springs. On the south side at 
Knightsbridge are barracks for the life guards. In sum- 
mer, splendid reviews of horse and foot on a large scale 
take place here ; and on these occasions the concourse of 
spectators is amazing ; at times not fewer than 200,000. 
Hyde park is open to the public every day from six in 
the morning till nine at night, to the exclusion only of 
hackney and stage coaches. There are seven entrances : 

E 



38 



REGENT S PARK, 



Hyde park corner ; Cumberland gate, end of Oxford 
street ; Victoria gate, Uxbridge road ; Grosvenor gate, 
Park lane ; Stanhope gate ; one near the entrance to the 
village of Kensington ; and the Albert gate at Knights- 
bridge. 

REGENT'S PARK, 
One of the great modern improvements of London, lies 
at some distance north-east of Hyde park, and occupies a 
space of about 360 acres, laid out in lawns, plantations, 
water, ornamental bridges, roads, and gardens. The rural 
portion, formerly surrounded by a paling, and closed from 
the public, to afford the plantations time to advance to an 
age when they might be less liable to destruction, have 
been thrown open to the public, and constitute a delight- 
ful and important addition to the breathing places of the 
metropolis. The buildings round this park are truly 
beautiful, finished in a superior style of classic archi- 
tecture, and so variously adorned, that, though very nu- 
merous, and following in close succession, they are sure 
to keep alive the admiration of the stranger. Cumberland 
terrace, of which we give a view, is greatly and justly 
admired. 




VICTORIA PARK. — THE MUNICIPALITY. 



39 



Independently, however, of its own attractions, this 
park possesses so many detached points worthy of atten- 
tion, that the stranger will no doubt take an opportunity 
of visiting it ; and a particular description of the buildings 
is therefore unnecessary. Round this park will be found 
the Diorama, the Colosseum, St. Catherine's Hospital, 
the Master's House, the gardens of the Zoological 
Society, &c. The inner circle, consisting of about 
eighteen acres, admirably adapted to the purposes con- 
templated, have been engaged under lease by the Royal 
Botanic Society, patronized by Her Most Gracious Ma- 
jesty. A great part of the garden has been laid out 
ornamentally and planted, and it is purposed to erect 
suitable buildings. At a short distance is seen Primrose 
hill, which, if the w r eather be fine, is well worth ascend- 
ing, for the purpose of enjoying the extensive prospect 
which it affords on every side. 

VICTORIA PARK. 

The extent of this intended new park, for which 100,000/. 
has been voted by Parliament, for the improvement of the 
east end of London, will be about 290 acres, being more 
than the area of St. James's park. It will be bounded 
on the west by the Regent's canal, on the south by Sir 
George Duckett's canal, and on the north by Grove street 
lane. It will be skirted on the south by terraces or ranges 
of houses, and it is intended that there shall also be de- 
tached villas. — Other plans for parks are proposed for the 
southern part of the metropolis. 

THE MUNICIPALITY. 

The civil government of the city of London is vested in 
its own corporation, or body of free citizens, at the head 
of which presides the Lord Mayor for the time being. 
The power and privileges of this high dignitary are very 
extensive. At the demise of the crown, he takes the first 
place in the privy council, until the new sovereign is pro- 
claimed. He is attended with great state at his inaugu- 
ration, and in public ceremonies acts a conspicuous part. 



40 



THE MANSION HOUSE, 



His costume of state is rich, his state coach, &c, splendid, 
and he is allowed a numerous train of officers and followers 
to support the dignity of his office. The Lord Mayor is 
chosen from the body of aldermen, generally according to 
seniority, on the 29th of September, and enters upon office 
on the 9th of November. He is assisted in the legal duties 
of his office by two sheriffs, chosen by the Livery. 

The Recorder, the first law officer of the city, and chief 
counsellor to the head magistrate, is appointed for life by 
the lord mayor and aldermen. The Livery, a numerous, 
respectable, and important elective body, is composed of 
freemen of the several companies, in whom is vested the 
right of electing the lord mayor, sheriffs, members of par- 
liament for the city, &c. &c. The city of London is di- 
vided into twenty-six wards, the representatives of which, 
with the lord mayor and aldermen, constitute the court of 
common council, which has the entire disposal of the 
funds of the corporation, makes by-laws, and preserves 
the right of nomination to several of the city offices. 




THE MANSION HOUSL, 
The residence of the lord mayor during his year of office, 
is a large and magnificent pile of building at the west end 



THE BANK OF ENGLAND, 



41 



of Lombard street, erected entirely of Portland stone, 
from designs of the elder Dance. The pediment of the 
noble portico is ornamented with emblematical sculpture, 
designed by Sir Robert Taylor. The interior is magnifi- 
cent, rather than commodious ; and when lighted up for 
the Easter festivities, the state apartments deserve atten- 
tion. They consist of the Egyptian hall, ball room, state 
drawing room, saloon, Venetian parlour 5 long parlour, 
and state bed-room. The lord mayor is allowed by the city 
^8000 for his annual expenditure ; but the real expen- 
diture more frequently varies from j£ 10,000 to «£ 15,000, 
according to the means and liberality of the individual 
in office. To the left of the entrance, under the portico, 
the chief magistrate sits daily for the examination of 
offenders, and other duties of his office. — Admittance to 
the state apartments may at all times be obtained, on 
application to the porter, with a trifling douceur. 




THE BANK OF ENGLAND, 

Nearly opposite the Mansion house, stands isolated, 
and nominally in Threadneedle street. It is a vast struc- 
ture, occupying an irregular area of eight acres. Its 
architectural features are in unison with the nature of the 

e 2 



42 



THE NEW ROYAL EXCHANGE. 



establishment, displaying opulence, strength, and security. 
Within the square of building are nine open courts, which 
afford light to the various offices, there being no windows 
in the exterior of the building. The clock, which is in a 
building over the drawing office, is an ingenious piece of 
mechanism, indicating the time on sixteen dials, placed 
in as many different offices, and striking the hours as well 
as the quarters. The communication between the clock 
and the dials is made by about 700 feet of brass rod. 

The accommodations are numerous and convenient; 
consisting of a rotunda, public offices, private apartments, 
committee rooms, an armoury, library, printing office, 
&c. &c. Except on holidays, the offices are open from 
nine in the morning till five in the afternoon, when stran- 
gers are at liberty to walk freely through them ; and the 
constant throng, the heaps of wealth, &c, never fail to 
convey a strong impression of the importance of this 
establishment. 




THE NEW ROYAL EXCHANGE. 

The late Royal Exchange, which was considered one of 
the most magnificent in Europe, was destroyed by fire, 
January 10th, 1838. On its site the present splendid 
building was commenced, and the foundation stone laid 



STATUE OF WILLIAM IV. 43 

by His Royal Highness Prince Albert, on the 1/th January, 
1842. It was completed in less than three years; and, 
being entirely of stone, it is considered an extraordinary 
instance of dispatch. The building stands east and west; 
the extreme length is 308 feet, the west end is 119 feet 
in width, and the east end 175 feet; the Area for the 
Merchants, 170 feet by 112 feet; the height of the Tower 
to the top of the vane, 177 feet. The principal entrance 
is at the west end, under a portico supported by eight 
Corinthian columns, which is ascended by thirteen granite 
steps. The eastern entrance is under the Tower; and on 
the north and south sides are entrances to the Merchants' 
Area. In the Tower is a peal of fifteen Bells, cast by 
Mears ; the Clock was constructed by Mr. Dent. The 
Merchants' Walk is very spacious, and covered in ; the 
ceiling is divided by beams and panelling, highly painted 
and decorated in encaustic ; in the centre of each panel, 
on the four sides, the armorial bearings of the various 
nations are repeated, emblazoned in their proper colours ; 
in the four angles, are the arms of Edward the Confessor, 
Edward III., Queen Elizabeth, and Charles II. The prin- 
cipal floor is occupied by Lloyd's, the Royal Exchange, 
the London Assurance, and other public companies, 
and contains several splendid and large apartments. The 
exchange was opened on the 28th October, 1844, with 
great ceremony by Her Majesty, accompanied by Prince 
Albert, and most of the principal officers of the govern- 
ment. Opposite the west front is a noble equestrian 
figure of the Duke of Wellington in bronze, cast by 
Chantrey, composed of the metal of guns taken from the 
enemy in his different victories. 



STATUE OF WILLIAM IV., 

King William Street, facing London Bridge. This 
statue is of granite, and of colossal dimensions, being, 
with the pedestal, 40 feet high. The base presents a 
novel and pleasing appearance, and altogether is an 



44 



STOCK EXCHANGE. — EAST INDIA HOUSE. 



excellent specimen of modern sculpture, reflecting great 
credit on the talent of Mr. S. Nixon. 

THE STOCK EXCHANGE 

Situated at the upper end of Capel court, opposite the 
east door of the Bank of England, is a constant scene of 
lively confusion, from which strangers are rigorously 
excluded. No other business is transacted here than 
that which relates to the purchase and sale of stock in 
the funds, Exchequer bills, India bonds, and similar 
securities. Hours of business are ten to four. Great 
improvements have taken place at this spot, by the 
widening of the streets, and the erection of several noble 
buildings. 




THE EAST INDIA HOUSE, 

Leadenhall street, is a noble edifice, having a pro- 
jecting portico, supported by six fluted Ionic columns, of 
great magnitude. The pediment is enriched by repre- 
sentations emblematical of the protection of the interests 
of the Company by George the Third. Britannia and 
Liberty appear united. On one side is Mercury, accom- 
panied by Navigation, introducing Asia: and on the 



THE CUSTOM HOUSE. 45 

other appeal' Order, Religion, and Justice, attended by 
Integrity and Industry. In the angles are the emblems 
of the Ganges and the Thames. On the apex of the 
pediment stands Britannia, having on her right a figure of 
Asia, seated on a dromedary, and on her left Europe, on 
a horse. The interior contains, besides its numerous 
offices, a museum of eastern curiosities ; a library, con- 
taining a great variety of Oriental manuscripts, embel- 
lished with mythological drawings, and statues and por- 
traits of such as have distinguished themselves in the 
Company's service abroad. In the library are many of 
the trophies taken at Seringapatam by Gen. Harris; 
many curious specimens of Chinese ivory work, and 
Indian paintings, forming, on the whole, a collection of 
deep interest, which may be viewed, excepting in the month 
of October, by obtaining a director's order, on Mondays 
and Thursdays, from eleven to three o'clock, and on 
Saturdays without any restriction. The offices, Levant 
room, sales room, committee room, &c, are to be seen 
every day, either by means of a director's order, or a 
trifling douceur to the porter. 

South Sea Company. The business of this com- 
pany consists in receiving interest of their capital, which 
is in the hands of government, in the payment of divi- 
dends and transferring stock. It is managed by a 
governor, sub-governor, deputy-governor, and twenty-one 
directors. The South Sea House is in Threadneedle street. 

The Russia Company. The Courts are held at No. 
25, Birchin lane. 

The Hudson's Bay Company, 4, Fenchurch street. 
There are numerous other companies, both in trading, 
banking, railway, mining, steam navigation, dock, canal, 
bridge, &c, too numerous to be particularised in a work 
of this description, though always to be met with in a 
directory. 

THE CUSTOM HOUSE, 

Lower Thames street, has its principal front, which 
is naked and somewhat heavy, towards the river ; between 



46 



THIS CUSTOM HOUSE. 



which and the building is a spacious gravelled terrace, 
forming an agreeable evening promenade to the families 
in its vicinity, and commanding a good view of London 
Bridge, and of that part of the river which is enlivened 
by the bustle occasioned by the departure and arrival of 




the numerous steam boats. The Custom house is 480 
feet in length, and 100 feet in breadth : it affords accom- 
modation to between 600 and 700 clerks and officers, 
besides 1000 tide-waiters and servants. In its archi- 
tecture, which is of the Ionic order, there is nothing par- 
ticularly striking or remarkable. The interior, which 
may be freely visited every day from nine to three, will 
furnish much to gratify the stranger in the number of 
offices, all in active employment, and the apparent facility 
with which business of importance is transacted. The 
ground floor is principally occupied by Her Majesty's 
stores; and on the first floor is the long room, 186 feet in 
length, which is an object of universal curiosity. At the 
east end of the ground floor is the searcher's office, with 
accommodation for the examination of foreigners sad 
their baggage. Aliens arriving in London, or at any 



THE EXCISE OFFICE. — THE TRINITY HOUSE. 4/ 



other port, are, by the Act lately passed, entitled, "An Act 
for the Registration of Aliens," simply required to present 
themselves before the officer of the Customs, appointed 
for that purpose, at the Custom house of the port at which 
they land, that their names may be registered, when a 
certificate of arrival is granted them, which they retain 
during their stay in the United Kingdom of Great Britain 
and Ireland; on which certificate is a note, directing them 
to deliver it to the said officer on departure. 

THE EXCISE OFFICE, 
Broad street, City, erected in 1763, is open for the 
dispatch of business connected with this branch of the 
revenue (tea, soap, malt, and other duties), from nine to 
three, under the management of nine commissioners, and 
numerous clerks. Since the destruction of the Royal 
Exchange, the Exchange walk is now held here. 




THE TRINITY HOUSE, 
Tower hill, is a small but elegant structure of Portland 
stone, consisting of a rustic basement, over which is a single 
story, adorned with Ionic pillars, busts, and allegorical 
relievos. S. Wyatt, Esq., was the architect. It has the 
advantage of arising ground, andalarge open space in front. 
The corporation consists of a master, four wardens, eight 



48 CORN AND COAL EXCHANGES.— GUILDHALL. 

assistants, and eighteen elder brethren. The revenues are 
derived from tonnage, &c. ; they examine the masters of 
the queen's ships, and appoint pilots' for the Thames. To 
visit the above, application should be made to the secretary, 
or the elder brothers of the corporation. 

THE MINT, 
Facing the east side of Tower hill, is a handsome stone 
building of Grecian architecture, executed by Mr. Smirke, 
Jun. The building is well adapted for business. All 
business connected with the coinage is now carried on 
within these premises. Applications to view are to be 
addressed to J. W. Morrison, Esq., deputy-master, in 
writing, describing the name, residence, and the number 
of the party, not exceeding six in all. 

THE COMMERCIAL HALL, 
Mincing lane, is an elegant structure, raised by sub- 
scription, as an exchange market for all colonial produce. 
The front is ornamented with six columns, between which 
are emblematical basso relievos, representing Commerce, 
Britannia, Navigation, Science, and Husbandry. 

THE UNIVERSAL HALL OF COMMERCE, 
Threadneedle street, is intended to concentrate 
all matters relating to the trade of foreign and English 
merchants ; it was erected by Mr. Moxhay, at an expense 
of ^60,000. ; the interior, which is at once spacious and 
elegant, consists of a Hall of Assembly, with every accom- 
modation for the transaction of business; a Reading room, 
supplied with British and foreign newspapers, maps, charts, 
directories, &c. ; and private apartments. 

THE CORN AND COAL EXCHANGES, 
The former in Mark lane, and the latter in Thames street, 
are buildings conveniently adapted and confined to the 
general wholesale business of corn and coal. 

GUILDHALL, 
King street, Cheapside, is the principal seat of City 
legislation. In the great hall, which is 153 feet in length, 
48 in width, and 55 in height, are chosen the mayor and 



GUILDHALL. 



49 



sheriffs, and members of parliament to represent the City. 
Here also, courts and meetings of the livery take place, 
and City feasts are given on memorable occasions. In 
this hall, in 1814, the lord mayor received and enter- 
tained the Prince Regent and the allied sovereigns at a 
feast which cost upwards of <£2Q,000. 




On the 9th of November, 183/, a far more splendid 
banquet was given by the corporation to our Gracious 
Queen, an event of general and overwhelming interest to 
all parties, which will be long remembered for its splendour. 
From the time the Royal carriages left Buckingham 
Palace, her Majesty was greeted with demonstrations of 
loyalty and affection. On her arrival at Temple Bar, the 
City Sword of State was presented by the lord mayor, 
which, after holding a few seconds, she restored in the 
most gracious manner. And on her way, through the 
City, an address was delivered by the head boy of Christ's 
Hospital school, at the front of St. Paul's. At Guildhall, 
her Majesty was received by the lord mayor, lady mayor- 
ess, and the committee. It would be impossible to con- 



50 GUILDHALL. 

ceive a more magnificent scene than presented itself in 
the hall. The recorder read an admirable address, to 
which her Majesty graciously replied. We can convey 
but a faint idea of the grandeur of the illumination at 
night along the whole line of the procession, and in many 
situations remote from it. 

The building is irregular, and the work of different 
periods. The latest is the Gothic front, finished in 1789, 
over the centre of which are the City arms. Before 
entering the hall, on the right, are the library and mu- 
seum, in apartments contiguous to the main building, 
which contain a valuable collection of books, tracts, works 
of art and antiquity relating and belonging to the City. 
The hall, which is at all times open to strangers, is en- 
riched by splendid monuments, raised to perpetuate the 
fame of a Chatham, Pitt, Nelson, and Beckford (the 
spirited chief magistrate of 1763 and 1770). The win- 
dows at each end have the royal arms, the insignia of the 
Bath, the Garter, St. Patrick, and the City arms, beauti- 
fully represented in stained glass. At the west end, 
raised on pedestals, stand two colossal figures, called Gog 
and Magog ; they are said to represent an ancient Briton 
and a Saxon. Models of them have occasionally made 
part of the procession on lord mayor's day, to the great 
delight of the assembled crowd. On crossing the hall, to the 
right, is the chamberlain's department, in which is a series 
of prints by Hogarth, and a fine painting of Sir James 
Shaw, Bart., the present chamberlain, by Mrs. Charles Pear- 
son; also arich and curious collection of the numerous votes 
of the corporation to the heroes who signalized themselves 
in the late war, framed and glazed, and splendidly illumi- 
nated on vellum. In the east wing are the city courts of 
law ; and opposite is the justice hall, where an alderman 
sits daily to hear and decide on complaints, charges, mis- 
demeanours, &c. The council chamber, next the hall, is 
decorated with a variety of paintings, presented by Alder- 
man Boy dell. It also contains a fine statue of George 
III. by Chantrey, and a beautiful portrait of Her Ma- 
jesty, (painted by Hayter,) presented to the Corporation 



GENERAL POST OFFICE. 



51 



to commemorate her visit in 1837. The apartments may 
be seen by giving a trifling fee to the officer in attend- 



ance, 




THE GENERAL POST OFFICE, 

St. Martin's le Grand, of which Sir Robert Smirke 
was the architect, is a magnificent building, erected in the 
latter end of the reign of George the Fourth, and opened 
for public business the 23d of September, 1829. It pre- 
sents a striking proof of the amazing extent of our inter- 
course with the world at large ; foreigners and strangers 
will regard it with pride and wonder. But however it 
may impress by its grandeur and the beauty of its archi- 
tecture, its interior arrangements are no less surprising, 
and well deserve attention. So far as the public are con- 
cerned, the arrangements have been formed with a view 
to convenience, the many different departments being 
made to communicate with the great hall, which forms a 
splendid thoroughfare from St. Martin's le Grand to 
Foster lane. An illuminated clock is placed under the 
portico. This hall, eighty feet in width, sixty in 
length, and fifty in height, is supported by six Portland 



52 GENERAL POST OFFICE. 

stone columns of the Ionic order. On the north side are 
the newspaper, inland, and foreign offices ; on the south 
side are the money-order, receiver-general's, and account- 
ant's offices ; at the south-eastern end, in a line with the 
foreign office, is the London post department ; and at the 
western, on each side of the grand entrance, are hoards, 
containing lists of persons to whom letters have been ad- 
dressed, and whose abodes are unknown. A person 
seeing his name has only to write his address with a pen- 
cil on the remainder of the line, and the letter will be pre- 
sented at his residence the following day. 

North of the centre, is the hall where the bags are re- 
ceived from the mails, and this hall communicates with 
the inland sorters' office, and letter carriers' office. 
These offices are upwards of 100 feet long, and the im- 
mense number of drawers, boxes, and pigeon-holes with 
which they are fitted up, in order to meet the necessities 
of this department, must be seen to be duly appreciated. 
Under the great hall is a tunnel, in which is placed some 
very clever machinery, constructed by Mr. Barrow, for the 
purpose of conveying letters to and from the opposite 
offices of the establishment. At the eastern end of the 
hall, on the north side, is a staircase, leading to the letter 
bill, dead letter, mis-sent and returned letter offices, 
which, together with board room, secretaries' rooms, 
assistant secretaries' rooms, &c, occupy the first floor. 
The second floor and upper story contain, and are almost 
exclusively occupied by, sleeping rooms for clerks of the 
foreign department. In the basement story, which is 
rendered fire-proof by brick vaulting, is the mail guards' 
room and armoury. Immediately under the portico are 
two large gas meters, capable of registering 4000 cubic 
feet of gas per hour ; and some curious machinery has 
been introduced for supplying water to the upper parts of 
the building in case of fire, and for the raish g of coal 
from the cellars to the different floors. 

A stranger possessing any curiosity will find great 
pleasure in witnessing the departure of the mails for all 
parts of Great Britain and Ireland, which takes place 



GENERAL POST OFFICE. 53 

every evening, at eight o'clock precisely. They generally 
collect in the enclosed space adjoining the building, a quar- 
ter of an hour earlier, to receive their bags, &c, so that, 
at the striking of the clock, their last parcel is handed up, 
and off they set, one after another, sweeping out in quick 
succession. Since the arrangements for the convey- 
ance of letters by the various railroads, much of the ac- 
customed bustle has been reduced. By a judicious cal- 
culation preserved through all the contracts, it is so 
arranged that the mails from all parts shall arrive at a 
certain early hour ; and severe fines are levied on the 
guard for any delay for which he is not able to assign a 
satisfactory cause : he is not only obliged to arrive in 
London at a fixed hour, but on his way-bill is marked the 
moment at which he should reach each place of any con- 
sequence on his route. Besides his weapons of defence, 
he is provided with a time-piece as his guide, by consult- 
ing which he is able to direct the speed of the driver, so 
as neither to overstep his time, nor over-fatigue the cattle. 
To accelerate the delivery of letters for distant parts of 
the Metropolis, the postmen are conveyed in long, light 
vehicles to the verge of their districts, at which they 
arrive fresh for their work. Each accelerator carries 
fourteen men, with their bags ; the man belonging to the 
nearest walk which they are to reach sits next the door, 
so as to descend without occasioning any stoppage. The 
doors are at the end of the vehicles, and are supplied 
with swinging handles, to prevent accidents. 

The operation of the new arrangements on rates of 
postage within the United Kingdom, is exhibited in the 
following Regulations : — 

Letters to pass by the inland mails can be posted at the 
receiving houses till five p.m.; by the letter carriers ring- 
ing bells, (on payment of one penny with each,) from four 
to five p.m. ; at the branch post offices, at Charing cross, 
Old Cavendish street, and 108, Blackman street, Borough, 
till three quarters past five p.m. ; and with a fee of one 
penny, (which must be paid by a stamp affixed to the 
letter), until a quarter past six p.m.; at the branch post 

f 2 



54 GENERAL POST OFFICE. 

office in Lombard street, till six p.m. ; and till half-past 
six p.m., with a fee paid by means of a penny stamp 
affixed to the letter ; at the General Post Office, St. Mar- 
tin's le Grand, until six p.m., and until seven p.m., upon 
payment of a fee of one penny, (or an affixed stamp), in 
addition to the postage, which must then be paid in ad- 
vance, and from seven till half-past seven, upon payment 
of a fee of sixpence with each. 

Bates of Postage. — 

Not exceeding half an ounce in weight, One penny 
„ one ounce ,, Two-pence 

„ two ounces ,, Four-pence 

„ three ounces „ Six-pence 

And so on, two rates being added for every ounce up to 
sixteen ounces, beyond which, with some exceptions, no 
packet, whether subject to postage or not, can be re- 
ceived. 

Delivery of Letters. — The morning delivery of General 
post letters (including despatches from every post town 
and place in the United Kingdom, and those foreign, 
ship, and packet letters which have arrived in sufficient 
time) commences in every district, within three miles of 
St. Martin's le Grand, rather before half-past nine 
o'clock in the morning, and is completed in about 
two hours, except on Mondays, or on other days when 
there are large arrivals of Foreign or ship letters, 
when the period of commencing and concluding the 
delivery is unavoidably retarded for a space varying from 
thirty to sixty minutes. Letters from all those places to 
which despatches are conveyed by the Railway morning 
mails, likewise arrive about two o'clock in the afternoon. 

Bank Notes and Drafts. — Persons wishing to send 
bank notes and drafts by post are advised to cut such 
notes or drafts in halves, and send them at two different 
times, waiting till the receipt of one half is acknowledged 
before the other half is sent. The numbers, dates, and 
amounts should also be carefully taken down. 

The Money-order Office, now carried on, on the public 



GENERAL POST OFFICE. 00 

account, at the General Post Office. The commission, 
chargeable for Money-orders, is three-pence on sums not 
exceeding two pounds, and on sums above two, and 
not exceeding five pounds, six-pence. No order will be 
given for sums beyond that amount. To prevent the 
robbery of persons receiving money by the post office 
orders, (the payment of which amounts sometimes to 
^20,000 per day,) there is now an inclosed space in the 
hall, and none are admitted who have not money- orders ; 
officers being placed at the doors. Money-orders may 
be obtained at the General Post Office ; at the several 
branch offices, Lombard street, Charing cross, Old 
Cavendish street, and 108, Blackman street. 

Overcharges for letters returned between the hours of 
ten and four, on presenting the overcharged letters at the 
window in the hall of the General Post Office. Over- 
charges may likewise be obtained at the branch office, 
Lombard street ; or the letter may be sent to the office 
by the letter carrier of the district, and the overcharge 
will be returned with the letter in two days. 

The receiving houses for letters are no longer distinct ; 
letters may indiscriminately be put into any of them. By 
a new regulation, the number of the receiving house is 
affixed conspicuously near to it, and frequently to the gas 
light pillar. 

Letters may be posted at the principal office, St. Martin's 
le Grand, one hour later, up to twelve o'clock ; and three 
quarters of an hour later, from twelve to six o'clock, at 
each dispatch, than at the receiving houses. 

Letters posted at the receiving houses in London before 
six o'clock, are delivered at all places within the circle of 
three miles from the General Post Office the same evening; 
and by a recent regulation, an additional delivery has been 
extended to all places within six miles of the Post Office, 
so that all letters posted at the receiving houses in London 
before five o'clock, and at the principal office before six 
o'clock, are delivered the same evening. 

There are ten deliveries of letters in London daily. 



56 



GENERAL POST OFFICE. 



and within the circle of three miles from the Post Office, 
six deliveries daily. 



FOR TOWN DELIVERY LETTERS PUT IN — 



The Receiving Houses. 


The Principal Office. 


Sent for delivery at 




Hours. 




Hours. 


Hours. 


Morning. 


. 8 Morning 




, . 


9 


Morning. . . 10 


Ditto 


. 10 Ditto 




, 


u 


Noon ... 12 


Noon 


. 12 Afternoon 


, i before 


1 


Afternoon . . l 


Afternoon . 


l 


Ditto 


i 


i) 


2 


Ditto . . 2 


Ditto . 


. 2 


Ditto 


1 


a 


3 


Ditto . . . 3 


Ditto 


3 


Ditto 


* 


1 1 


4 


Ditto . . 4 


Ditto . 


. 4 


Ditto 


£ 


M 


5 


Ditto ... 5 


Ditto 


5 


Ditto 


i 


»» 


6 


Ditto . . 6 


Ditto . 


. 6 Ditto . 






7 


Ditto . .8 


Ditto 


8 


Ditto 


• 


• 


8 


Next Morning . 8 



FROM LONDON TO THE COUNTRY. 



The Receiving Houses.] The Principal Office. 
Hours. I Hours. 

8 Morning . . 9 



Morning 
Noon . 
Afternoon 
Ditto 
Ditto . 



Afternoon, £ before 1 

Ditto i „ 4 

Ditto i „ 6 

Ditto . . 7 



Are despatched at 




Hours. 


Morning 


. 10 


Afternoon . 


1 


Ditto . 


. 4 


Ditto 


6 


Ditto . 


. 8 



Letters put in before eight o'clock on Saturday even- 
ing are delivered in the country on Sunday morning. 
The dated stamps, or if there are two, that having the 
latest hour, shows the time of day at which letters were 
despatched for delivery from the principal office. The 
postage of this office may or may not be paid at the time 
of putting in, at the option of the sender. Newspapers 
pass free by the London Post, except in those cases 
where they shall be posted and delivered within the limits, 
for the time being, of the General Post delivery, when 
the postage is one penny on each newspaper. 

Any irregularity in the delivery of letters, communi- 
cated to the comptroller, will be duly attended to ; and if 
the covers bearing the date stamp are produced, they will 
serve to discover where the fault lies. 



CITY COMPANIES. 57 



CITY COMPANIES. 
There are ninety-one companies; twelve of which are 
called the chief, and are styled "The Honourable," of 
which the following are the names in their order of pre- 
cedency. 



1. Mercers 

2. Grocers 

3. Drapers 

4. Fishmongers 

5. Goldsmiths 

6. Skinners 



7. Merchant Tailors 

8. Haberdashers 

9. Salters 

10. Ironmongers 

11. Vintners 

12. Cloth workers 



Nearly fifty of the ninety- one have halls, some of 
which are noted for their splendour, and others for their 
antiquity, paintings, and curiosities. It will be useless to 
describe the whole, but we will endeavour to point out 
the principal worthy of a visit. 

Mercers' Hall, Cheapside ; has a richly sculptured 
front, adorned with figures of Faith, Hope, and Charity, 
and contains some interesting relics of the celebrated 
Whittington. 

Grocers' Hall, in the Poultry, contains portraits of 
Sir John Cutler, Lord Chatham, and his son, Mr. Pitt. 

Drapers' Hall, Throgmorton street; erected on the 
site of a mansion, inhabited by Cromwell, Earl of Essex. 
Here may be seen a portrait of Nelson, a portrait of Fitz- 
Alwyn, the first lord-mayor of London, and another of 
Mary, Queen of Scots. 

Fishmongers' Hall, close to London bridge, is a 
grand pile of building, erected in 1833, from designs by 
Mr. Roberts, in the place of the old hall, erected by Mr. 
Jarman, last pulled down in 1828, to form the approaches 
to the present London bridge. It consists of a granite 
basement devoted to offices, and the superstructure is of 
Portland stone. Nearly on a level with the road is the 
entrance to the hall, leading to the grand staircase, state 
rooms, &c. Over the centre of the building, which con- 
sists of two fluted Ionic columns with pilasters, the arms 
of the company are elaborately carved in stone. The 



5S 



CITY COMPANIES 




river front, which is equally imposing, presents two 
ranges, the arched basement supporting columns bearing 
a pediment. On the grand staircase is a statue of Sir W. 
Walworth, whose right hand grasps the identical dagger 
with which he struck Wat Tyler. 

Merchant Tailors' Hall, Threadneedle street, 
one of the largest in London, contains portraits of the 
Duke of Wellington and of several distinguished indivi- 
duals. 

Ironmongers' Hall, Fenchurch street; it is en- 
riched with some exquisite carving. 

Barbers' Hall, Monkwell street, contains a fine 
painting by Holbein, representing Henry VIII. delivering 
the charter of the barber- surgeons to the company. 

Armourers' Hall, Coleman street, has a fine picture 
by Northcote, representing the entry of Richard II. and 
Henry Bolinbroke into London. 

Stationers' Hall, Ludgate hill, contains some 
good paintings in oil and stained glass. 

Goldsmiths' Hall, Foster lane, a handsome build- 
ing, erected under the superintendence of Mr. Philip 



CITY COMPANIES. 



59 







Hardwicke, the architect, on the site of the old one, 
which it has replaced. It consists of a noble entrance 
hall and staircase, leading to the banqueting room, 
drawing room, court dining room, court room, &c, 
&c. The style of architecture is modern Italian. The 
principal front, or facade, consists of six Corinthian 
columns, surmounted by a Corinthian entablature of great 
beauty, carried entirely round the building. To be seen 
only by an introduction of a member of the corporation. 

Gold and silver articles, manufactured in London, must 
be sent to this hall to be assayed and examined, under 
pain of criminal prosecution. 

Salters' Hall, St. Swithin's lane, contains portraits 
of several kings of England, and a fine one of Sir C. 
Wren. Here is also preserved a bill of fare for fifty people 
in the year 1506, the whole amount of which did not 
exceed two pounds. 

Painter-Stainers' Hall, Little Trinity lane, con- 
tains a view of the fire of London, several portraits, one 
of Camden the antiquary. 



60 



ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL. 



CHURCHES AND CHAPELS. 

In London exists perfect toleration ; and its population 
being made up of the natives or descendants of all coun- 
tries, the places of public worship are not only various in 
character, but very numerous, amounting in all to several 
hundreds ; of which about 200 are Episcopal, several 
Roman Catholic, Foreign Protestant, and Jewish Syna- 
gogues ; the remainder, from 250 to 270, belonging to 
the different sects of Prostestant Dissenters. We com- 
mence our description with that noble structure, 




ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, 

Which, in point of size, extent, and magnificence of archi- 
tecture, forms an object of admiration second only to St. 
Peter *s at Rome. It is situated on a rising ground, nearly 
in the centre of the metropolis, but too closely surrounded 
to be seen to advantage; it is visible from all elevated parts of 
the suburbs for several miles round the metropolis. From 
Ludgate street, however, it presents a majestic and classi- 
cal appearance. It occupies the site of the ancient cathe- 
dral of the same name, which, after many vicissitudes, was 



ST. paul's cathedral. 61 

so severely injured by the fire of 1666, that it was deemed 
advisable to remove it, and erect an entirely new edifice, 
which accordingly arose in its present towering magnifi- 
cence, a lasting memorial of the genius of its great archi- 
tect, Sir Christopher Wren.* 

Its dimensions are as follows : — Length from east to 
west, within the walls, 500 feet ; from north to south, 
286 feet ; circuit of entire building, 2292 feet ; diameter 
of the ball, 6 feet; height of the cross, 30 feet; total 
height from the ground, 404 feet. 

There are 280 steps leading to the whispering gallery ; 
and to the ball, including the former, 616. The weight 
of the ball is 5600 lbs. ; of the cross, 3600. The building 
covers two acres, sixteen perches of ground. The form of 
the ground plan represents the Greek cross ; over the space 
where the lines of that figure intersect each other, rises 
a stately dome, from the summit of which springs a lan- 
tern, adorned with Corinthian columns, surrounded at its 
base by a balcony ; above the lantern is placed a ball of gilt 
copper, terminated by a cross, also burnished with gold. 

The whole building is surrounded by a dwarf iron rail- 
ing, separating an area, which is properly the church yard, 
from the carriage and foot way, so called. The railing is 
said to be 200 tons in weight, and to have cost ^1 1,200. 

The principal entrance or front, which looks westward, 
is adorned with a rich and beautiful portico, consisting of 
twelve lofty Corinthian pillars below, and above are eight 
Composite ones, ranged in pairs, supporting a triangular 
pediment, the entablature of which represents the conver- 
sion of St. Paul, sculptured by Bird, in low relief. On 
the apex of the pediment is a colossal figure of St. Paul, 
with two of equal size at each end, representing St. Peter 
and St. James ; and along the summit of the front are 
similar statues of the four Evangelists. The angles are 
surmounted by bell towers, of a chaste and uniform cha- 

* It is worthy of remark, that the erection of this cathedral, which 
occupied thirty-five years, was carried on under one architect, the 
work undertaken and prosecuted entirely hy one contractor, and the 
whole completed while one prelate filled the see of London. It cost the 
nation .^1, 500,000 sterling; which was collected by a small tax on coal. 

G 



62 st. Paul's cathedral. 

meter. The marble statue in front of the portico, and 
facing Ludgate street, represents Queen Anne in her robes 
of state, holding in her hands the emblems of royalty. 

There are two other entrances to the body of the church, 
facing north and south, at each end of the principal tran- 
sept ; they correspond in their architecture, which consists 
of a semicircular portico of the Corinthian order, sur- 
mounted by statues of the Apostles. The tympanum of 
the one exhibits the royal arms and regalia, supported by 
angels ; that of the other, a phcenix rising from the flames, 
in allusion to the reconstruction of the cathedral after the 
conflagration. The east end of the church is semicircular. 
This portion of the cathedral was completed in the reign 
of William and Mary. 

On entering the building, the unexpected loftiness of 
the vaulting, and of the long range of columns and piers 
which burst on the sight, increases the impression which 
the vast magnificence naturally inspires. The great dome 
of the central area is based upon eight immense piers, 
four of the arches formed by which open into the side 
aisles. The view upwards is extremely grand, exhibiting 
every way a spacious concave, beautifully illustrated by 
Sir James Thornhill. The many gems of sculpture which 
have of late years been placed in this cathedral, as monu- 
ments of the brave and talented, add considerably to the 
interest of the edifice. Most of these monuments present 
inscriptions, which inform the observer to whom they are 
dedicated ; and in others, the devices and likenesses are 
equally explanatory. Over the entrance to the choir is a 
marble slab, bearing an inscription in Latin, of which the 
following is a translation : — 

" Beneath lies Christopher Wren, the architect of this church and 
city, who lived more than ninety years, not for himself alone, but for 
the public. Reader, do you seek his monument ? Look around !" 

The Library, about fifty feet by forty, contains a fine 
collection of ecclesiastical works and manuscripts. The 
floor is curiously inlaid with small square pieces of oak, to 
the number of 2,376, unaided by nail or peg ; the work- 
manship is particularly neat. 



st. paul's cathedral. 63 

In the Model Room is still preserved Wren's original 
model of the cathedral, which, however, is in a sadly muti- 
lated and neglected state ; and another model which Mr. 
Britton has supposed to have been copied from a temple 
in Rome. 

The clock and great bell are objects of universal 
astonishment : the bell weighs four tons and a quarter, 
and is ten feet in diameter. The dial of the clock is fifty- 
seven feet in circumference, or nearly twenty feet in dia- 
meter, though, as seen from Ludgate street, its appear- 
ance is even less in circumference. The length of the 
minute hand is eight feet, and of the hour hand fixe feet 
five inches. The pendulum is fourteen feet long, carry- 
ing at its extremity a weight equal to one hundred and 
twelve pounds. The great bell is tolled only on the 
death of a member of the royal family, the lord mayor, 
the bishop of London, and the dean of the cathedral. 

The Whispering Gallery has long been famed 
for its extraordinary reverberation of sound. From this 
gallery is to be had the most advantageous view of the 
paintings, by Sir Thomas Thornhill, which adorn the in- 
terior surface of the dome, illustrative of the extraor- 
dinary events in the life of St. Paul. These are, how- 
ever, rapidly passing into oblivion. Parris, the celebrated 
artist who painted the greater part of the large panoramic 
view of London, shown at the Colosseum, made an advan- 
tageous offer for their restoration, but it was not accepted. 

The ascent to the ball is difficult, attended with some 
danger, and encountered by few. Its interior diameter is 
six feet, and eight persons may sit within it. 

Every intercepted stage in the ascent towards the top 
affords a different and interesting view of the Metropolis 
and its environs. When the day is clear, the view from 
the gallery at the base of the lantern is delightful, and 
affords the most favourable opportunity for judging of 
London en masse. 

In the Morning Prayer chapel on the north side, and the 
Consistory Court on the south; Divine Service is per- 
formed every morning (except on Sunday) at seven o'clock 



64 st. paul's cathedral. 

throughout the summer, and at eight in the winter, aud 
in the latter the bishop of the diocese holds his visitation. 

The Choral Service is performed in the choir of the ca- 
thedral twice a day; at three quarters past nine in the 
morning, and a quarter past three in the afternoon, and 
sermons are preached by the Dean and resident Canons on 
Sundays and holidays, and on every Wednesday and Friday 
during Lent. At all other hours, when the building is 
closed, strangers may gain admittance by knocking at the 
doors of the northern portico ; and, on paying the stated 
fees, they are at liberty to view any or all the objects of 
curiosity which the place contains. From twelve to one is 
a very favourable time for visiting this building ; for then 
the light is stronger, and the atmosphere less chilly and 
damp. 

The Monuments. — The first statue erected here was 
that of the learned Dr. Johnson ; it is situated in an angle, 
opposite the north-east pier, which supports the dome. 
Opposite to this is the statue of Howard the philanthro- 
pist, executed by Bacon, at the cost of 1,300 guineas. 
In the south-west angle below the dome, is a similar 
figure, to the memory of Sir W. Jones, the orientalist. 
The base of the north-west pier is occupied by the statue 
of Sir Joshua Reynolds, by Flaxman. Between the dome 
and the choir is a beautiful monumental group to the me- 
mory of Nelson ; and in a panel above it, is a mural tablet 
in commemoration of Capt. Duff, who fell, like his great 
commander, at the memorable battle of Trafalgar. 

Opposite to the Nelson monument is one to the memory 
of the Marquis Cornwallis; above which, is another, in 
alto relievo, to the memory of Capt. John Cooke, of the 
Bellerophon. In the south transept, against the south- 
west pier, is a choice group, beautifully executed, to the 
memory of Capt. Burgess. Against the opposite pier, is a 
monument commemorating the fate and heroism of Capt. 
Faulknor ; and against the south side of this pier is placed 
the statue of Lord Heathfield. Under the east window 
of the south transept, is a monument to Earl Howe ; and 
against the south wall of the same transept is one erected 



65 

to the memory of Lord Collingwood. Adjoining the south 
door is a monument to the memory of Gen. Pakenham 
and Gen. Gibbs ; they are represented in full uniform, the 
arm of the one resting on the shoulder of the other. On 
the other side of the door is Gen. Gillespie's statue, exe- 
cuted by Chantrey. Under the west transept is the noble 
equestrian monument of Sir Ralph Abercrombie, who is 
represented in the act of falling from his horse, in conse- 
quence of a wound just received, and as being caught and 
supported by an attendant Highlander. Against the east 
pier of the north transept is a fine spirited group, executed 
by Bacon, to the memory of Major-general Dundas. 
Above is a tabular monument to Generals Mackenzie and 
Langworth. Opposite, a monument has been raised to 
the memory of Capt. Westcott, who fell in the battle of the 
Nile ; and above this is a tablet to the memory of Generals 
Crawford and Mackinnon. Against the same pier is a 
statue of Earl St. Yincent, resting on a telescope. The 
recess under the west window of the north transept is oc- 
cupied by a group to the memory of Lord Rodney. On 
the north side of this transept, is a monument to General 
Picton. Opposite the recess, under the east window of 
the north transept, is a monument to the memory of Lord 
Duncan, beautifully executed. Many others of minor in- 
terest are to be seen ; and are all executed in white marble. 
To these may be added, namely, Generals Gore and Sker- 
ret, and Sir W. Ponsonby in the north transept. Captains 
Mosse and Riou, under the east window. Major-general 
Bowes, leading to the choir. General Le Marchant, the 
opposite panel, leading to the choir. Bishop Heber, at the 
extremity of the south aisle. Major-general Ross, in the 
south-eastern ambulatory, over the door leading to the 
crypt. Colonel Cadogan, in the opposite panel to the 
above. Sir W. Hoste, near the south door. Sir John 
Moore, near the above. Major-general Brook, in the 
western ambulatory of the south transept. Bishop Mid- 
dleton, in the south-west aisle. Major-general Houghton, 
in the western ambulatory of the north transept. Lieut. 
Col. Myers, in the corresponding panel. Major-general 

g 2 



66 st. Paul's cathedral. 

Andrew Hay, at the right hand, close by the entrance door. 
Captain Miller, and Captain Hardinge, in the south tran- 
sept. 

The lovers of the impressive and romantic will not fail 
to visit the vaults underneath the building, in which are 
deposited the remains of the wise and the brave. They 
are lighted at distant intervals by grated prison-like win- 
dows, throwing in gleams of light intersected by dark 
shades; vast piers and arches divide them into three 
awful and solemn avenues, of which the centre one is 
totally dark. 

The Crypt. — Descending from the body of the 
church, the visitor is conducted to the crypt, used as the 
place of sepulture for such as are interred in the cathe- 
dral. It is a large, dry, and well-lighted space, with 
massive arches, some of the pillars of which are forty feet 
square, forcibly illustrating, by their solidity, the immense 
weight and magnitude of the fabric they help to sustain. 
Here, besides the remains of the illustrious men whose 
monumental records we have transcribed, are preserved 
some fragments of the wreck of the old cathedral, which, 
having been thrown aside after the great fire, have 
since been recovered and placed in a recess under the 
east window of this subterranean vault. Among them is 
the effigy of John Donne, D.D., author of the well-known 
Satires. The figure of the poet is in a winding sheet, and 
was originally depicted rising from a vase. The sculptor 
was the celebrated Nicholas Stone, who executed it from 
a painting made by Donne's direction, who, it is said, 
when near death, wrapped himself in a shroud, and was 
so portrayed, as a corpse standing upon an urn. Here 
are also the effigies of Sir Nicholas Bacon, in full armour, 
with his head bare ; Sir John Wolley and his lady in a 
sitting posture; Sir Christopher Hatton, Lord Chan- 
cellor, in armour, with the robe of the Order of the 
Garter over it ; Sir Thomas Heneage, Knight, chancellor 
of the duchy of Lancaster, also in armour ; Sir William 
Cockayne ; and the mutilated bust of Dr. John Coles. 

The body of Sir Christopher Wren lies in the south 



st. Paul's cathedral. 6/ 

aisle of the crypt, on the spot said to be that over which 
the high altar of old St. Paul's stood. It is covered with 
a flat stone sunk into the pavement. On the adjoining 
wall is a tablet containing the Latin epitaph, a copy of 
which we have before given, as placed over the entrance 
to the choir. Near the grave of Sir C. Wren is a tablet, 
inscribed to the memory of Dr. Holder and his wife 
Susannah, the sister of Sir C. Wren. Against the oppo- 
site pier is a similar tablet, to the memory of the only 
daughter of the great architect. Adjoining to the last is 
a memorial to the wife of Christopher Wren, Esq. Near 
the same spot a flat stone is inscribed thus : — The remains 
of Thomas Newton, D.D., Lord Bishop of Bristol and 
Dean of this Cathedral, died February 14, 1782. 

The great painters, Reynolds, Barry, Opie, West, and 
Lawrence, are buried near each other. In the south 
aisle, within the recess of the first window, is an altar- 
tomb, inscribed : — To the memory of Robert Mylne, 
Architect, F.R.S. The late John Rennie, the celebrated 
engineer, has also an altar- tomb of beautifully polished 
Peterhead granite. In the middle aisle of the crypt, im- 
mediately under the centre of the dome, is the tomb of Nel- 
son, consisting of a sarcophagus of black marble, sur- 
mounted with a cushion and coronet. The sarcophagus 
was originally prepared by order of Cardinal Wolsey, for 
his own entombment in the chapel of St. George, Wind- 
sor. On the pedestal are the words " Horatio Viscount 
Nelson." The body of Lord Collingwood rests under an 
altar-tomb on one side of that of his illustrious com- 
mander, and on the other are deposited the remains of 
the late Earl of Northesk. In the middle aisle is a slab 
inscribed for Lord Chancellor Rosslyn. Dr. Boyce's 
grave is near to the above. At a short distance from the 
last is a tablet to the memory of Thomas Newton, Esq., 
Benefactor to the Literary Fund. There are also in- 
scriptions for George Dance, Esq., Architect, the last sur- 
vivor of the original forty Royal Academicians ; Henry 
Fuseli, Esq., R.A., Painter ; Dr. John Taylor, Chancellor 



68 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 

of Saint Paul's; Drs. Christopher Wilson and Thomas 
Jackson, and other deceased members of the Cathedral. 

To obtain a view of the respective departments of the 
Cathedral, the following fees are required, including a 
view from the outside galleries above and below the 
same : — 

.v. d. 
To view the monuments and body of the church . .02 
To the Whispering Gallery and the two outside Galleries 6 

To the Ball 16 

To the Library, Great Bell, Geometrical Staircase, and 

Model Room 10 

Clock 2 

Crypt, or Vaults , . l 

Total . . . .44 

There are two annual celebrations in the Cathedral of 
great interest to the stranger, those of " the Sons of the 
Clergy," and of " the Charity Children of the Metropolis 
and its vicinity." The first meeting is generally in May, 
combined with a grand performance of sacred music. The 
assembly of the charity children generally takes place in 
June, on which occasion the whole circle beneath the 
dome is, by a temporary scaffolding, converted into an 
amphitheatre, around which are ranged the boys and 
girls, between five and six thousand in number, and who 
join in the singing and choruses incidental to the service. 
To this celebration none are admitted without tickets. 
To the rehearsal, which takes place, on both these occa- 
sions, two days before the principal meeting, the public 
can gain admission on the payment of sixpence each. 

WESTMINSTER ABBEY, 
The early history of which it would be profanation to 
attempt in our circumscribed limits, was built by Henry 
III., and his successor Edward I. ; enlarged by the 
the abbots of subsequent reigns, and completed by Sir 
Christopher Wren. It is in the most splendid style of 
Gothic architecture ; and though inferior in the beauty of 
its architecture to many of the continental edifices of the 



WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 69 

same period and school, is highly deserving of attention. 
The very mention of Westminster Abbey gives rise to an 
association of ideas to those who are acquainted with its 




history, which renders it an object of paramount interest 
and attraction. It was for ages the mausoleum of the 
kings and queens of England, and the place of rest where 
many of our greatest statesmen and poets could alone 
find an asylum from envy and malice. 

The choir is celebrated for a Mosaic pavement of in- 
imitable workmanship, formed of innumerable pieces of 
jasper, alabaster, porphyry, lapis lazuli, and serpentine 
marbles, all varying in size, and arranged with singular 
beauty. 

The Dean and Chapter have been at much expense in 
putting a roof to the lantern, and pews under it, in the 
room of those destroyed by fire on the 9th of July, 1803. 
It broke out while the plumbers were gone to their din- 
ner, who had been repairing the lead flat. This part, 
being the junction of four long timber roofs, it was a mer- 
ciful Providence the whole of this much-esteemed, august, 
and venerable pile, had not been utterly consumed. 
Awful was the sight, and every person greatly anxious for 



J*0 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 

the preservation of the church. The young gentlemen of 
Westminster school highly distinguished themselves by 
their exertions. Nor was any other part of the building, 
or a single monument, the least injured. The roof is 
handsomely finished, and more suitable with the rest of 
the building than the old one. At coronations the throne 
is erected under it. 

What will principally engage the attention in viewing 
the outside of this building (the new towers excepted), is 
the magnificent portico leading into the north cross, 
which, by some, has been styled the Beautiful, or Solo- 
7?ion's Gate. This portico is Gothic, and extremely 
beautiful ; and over it is a most magnificent window of 
modern design, admirably executed. The south window 
now has stained glass, to correspond with the north. 

In the buttress niches are four images remaining. The 
one nearest to the west tower is an abbot ; the others, 
some of the kings, who, with the abbots, built the church. 

To take an advantageous view of the inside, you must 
go to the west door, between the towers ; and the whole 
body of the church opens itself at once to your eye, 
which cannot but fill the mind of every beholder with the 
awful solemnity of the place, caused by the loftiness of 
the roof, and the happy disposition of the lights, and of 
that noble range of pillars by which the whole building is 
supported. These pillars terminate towards the east by 
a sweep, thereby enclosing the chapel of Edward the 
Confessor in a kind of semicircle, and excluding all the 
rest. On the arches of the pillars are galleries of double 
columns, fifteen feet wide, covering the side-aisles, and 
lighted by a middle range of windows, over which there 
is an upper range of larger windows ; by these and the 
under range, with the four capital windows, the whole 
fabric is so admirably lighted, that the spectator is never 
incommoded by darkness, nor dazzled with glare. 

The next things observable are the fine paintings in 
the great western window, of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob ; 
Moses and Aaron, and the twelve patriarchs ; the arms of 
King Sebert, King Edward the Confessor, Queen Eliza- 



WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 71 

beth, King George, and Dean Wilcocks, Bishop of 
Rochester. This window was set up in the year 1735, 
and is very curious ; to the left of which, in a less win- 
dow, is a painting of one of our kings (supposed of 
Edward the Confessor) ; but the colours being of a water 
blue, no particular face can be distinguished. In the 
window on the other side the great window, it is con- 
jectured, from accurate drawings lately taken, that the 
figure represents Edward the Black Prince. The three 
windows at the east end contain each two figures. In the 
left window, the first figure represents our Saviour, the 
second the Virgin Mary, the third Edward the Confessor, 
the fourth St. John the Baptist, the fifth St. Augustin, 
and the sixth Melitus, Bishop of London, in the right- 
hand window. The beautiful north window was put up 
in the year 1722, and represents our Saviour, the Twelve 
Apostles, and Four Evangelists ; the latter, with their 
emblems, lie down, two on each side. The window of 
stained glass, in Henry the Fifth's chantry, is at the 
Dean's expense ; the arms are those of Edward the 
Confessor, King Henry the Third, King Henry the 
Fifth, the arms of Queens of England, and at the very 
top of the window, are those of the present Dean. 

Prayers are read here every morning from ten to 
eleven, and from three to four in the afternoon, during 
which time the choir of the abbey may be visited free of 
all expense. 

The names of the several chapels, beginning from the 
south cross, and so passing round to the north cross, are 
as follows :— 1. St. Benedict; 2. St. Edmund; 3. St. 
Nicholas ; 4. Henry VII. ; 5. St. Paul ; 6. St. Edward 
the Confessor; 7- St. Erasmus; 8. Islip's chapel, dedi- 
cated to St. John the Evangelist ; 9. St. John, St. 
Michael, and St. Andrew. The last three are now laid 
together. The chapel of Edward the Confessor stands in 
the centre, and is enclosed in the body of the church. On 
the right is the chapel of St. Benedict, adjoining the 
tombs'-gate. 

1. The Chapel of St. Benedict. — In the chapel 



2 WESTMINSTER ABBEY 



is an ancient tomb of stone, on which lies the effigy of 
Archbishop Langham, died 1376. Next is a curious monu- 
ment in memory of Lyonel Cranfield, Earl of Middlesex, by 
his relict Lady Anne ; died 1645. A tomb, to the memory 
of Dr. William Bill, Dean of Westminster, and Chief 
Almoner to Queen Elizabeth, died July 5, 1561. A mo- 
nument to the memory of the Countess of Hertford, wife 
to the noble "Earl of Hertford, son to the renowned 
Prince Edward, Duke of Somerset, died 15.98." A mo- 
nument to Dr. Gabriel Goodman, died 1601. A monu- 
ment to the memory of George Sprat, an infant, 1683. 
In this chapel lie Catherine Rochester, a Countess of 
Kildare, and Dr. John Spotswood, Lord Archbishop of 
St. Andrews, died 1640. Between this chapel and the 
next, is a monument of Mosaic work, erected for the 
children of Henry III. and Edward I. 

2 The Chapel of St. Edmund. — A monument to 
John of Eltham, second son of King Edward II. A mo- 
nument to John Paul Howard, Earl of Stafford, died 
1762. A small monument, on which lie the figures of 
William of Windsor, sixth son of Edward III. ; and of 
Blanche of the Tower, sister to William. A monument to 
Nicholas Monck, died 1661. On a tomb lies the effigy 
of Lady Frances, Duchess of Suffolk, in her proper robes. 
A monument representing a youth in Grecian armour, 
erected to Francis Holies, by John Earl of Clare, his 
father. On an altar-tomb, the figure of Lady Elizabeth 
Russel, daughter of Lord John Russel, in alabaster. She 
pricked her finger with a needle, which is supposed to 
have caused a locked jaw, and occasioned her death. 
Lord John Russel, and his son Francis, habited in his 
coronation robes, with his infant son at his feet. On the 
wall are two other monuments, one to Lady Jane Sey- 
mour, died 1560. The other to Lady Katherine Knollys, 
died 1568. An ancient monument, a Gothic chapel, in it 
the figure of a Knight in armour, with his feet resting on 
a lion's back. Sir Bernard Brocas of Baurepaire, Cham- 
berlain to Anne, Queen of Richard II. A monument of 
Sir Richard Peckfall, Knt., Master of the Buckhounds to 



WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 73 

Queen Elizabeth. An ancient monument, on which is 
the figure of a Knight in armour, Humphrey Bourg- 
chier, son to Lord Berners. The ancient monument of 
William de Valence. In the year 1296 he was slain at 
Bayoime treacherously. A monument to the memory of 
Edward Talbot, eighth Earl of Shrewsbury, and his lady, 
Jane. He died 1617. On the floor is a tomb of Alianer 
de Bohun, daughter of Sir Humphrey de Bohun. Mary, 
Countess of Stafford, beheaded in the reign of Charles II. 
has also a monument here. Against the wall is a monu- 
ment to the memory of Mary, Countess of Stafford, and 
of Henry, Earl of Stafford, who died in 1719. In this 
chapel are interred some other persons of less note than 
those already described ; particularly Henry Ferae, D.D., 
Bishop of Chester, died March 16th, 1662. There is also 
an Archbishop of York buried here, Robert de Waldeby, 
died 1397. A gravestone on the west side of the chapel, 
of black marble, is sacred to Edward Lord Herbert, died 
in 1678. 

3. The Chapel of St. Nicholas. — A monument 
of Lady Jane Clifford, died in 1679. A monument for 
Lady Cecil, daughter of Lord Cobham. Isabella Susan- 
nah, Countess of Beverley, died in 1812. A most mag- 
nificent temple, erected to the memory of Ann, Duchess 
of Somerset, wife of Edward, Duke of Somerset. She 
died 1587. A monument to Lady Elizabeth Fane, who 
died in 1618. An ancient monument over Nicholas 
Baron Carew, and the Lady Margaret, his wife, died 
1470. On a gravestone is the portrait of Sir Humphrey 
Stanley, died 1505. One of the most costly and magni- 
ficent monuments in the Abbey, erected by Lord Bur- 
leigh, to Mildred, his wife, and their daughter, Lady 
Ann, Countess of Oxford, died 1589. A monument, 
erected to William de Dudley, Lord Bishop of Durham, 
died 1483. A stately monument, to Lady Winifred, wife 
to John Paulet, Marquis of Winchester. An ancient 
monument of Lady Ross, daughter of Edward, Earl of 
Rutland. An elegant monument, to the late Duchess of 
Northumberland, died 1776. A Gothic monument, 

H 



74 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 

Philippa, married to Edward Plantagenet, Duke of York, 
and afterwards to Sir Walter Fitz- Walter, Knt., died 
1 433. Two pyramids ; the largest to Nicholas Bagenall, 
a child of two months old, the other to Anna Sophia 
Harley, died in 1605. A fine raised monument to Sir 
George Villiers and his Lady, Mary Beaumont, Countess 
of Buckingham. She died 1632. As you leave this 
chapel, you tread upon the remains of the Countess of 
Derby, 1626; the Duke of Somerset, 1750; and his wife 
Frances Thynne, 1754 ; and their only child George, 1744. 
Also, that great and learned antiquary, Sir Henry Spel- 
man, who was buried at the door of this chapel, in 1641. 

4. Henry the Seventh's Chapel, adjoining the 
east end of the abbey church, with which it communicates 
by a flight of steps, was erected at considerable expense, 
by the monarch whose name it bears, as a place of sepul- 
ture for himself and family. The first stone was laid with 
great pomp on the 24th January, 1503-4 ; and the whole 
was completed in nine years. Henry died before its com- 
pletion, after richly endowing the works. To whom the 
merit of the design is due cannot now be traced, — a some- 
what singular fact, particularly since it may be considered 
well calculated to bear the fame of genius down the stream 
of time. The decorations of this edifice are so beautiful 
as to have called forth this criticism from an eminent 
judge, " that it appeared as if the artist had intended to 
give to stone the character of embroidery, and to enclose 
his walls within the meshes of lace work." Leland calls 
it " Orbis miraculum ;" and, according to Hollinshed, it 
cost a sum equivalent to ,£200,000 of the present cur- 
rency. 

The roof and vaulting are supported by fourteen octa- 
gonal buttress towers, richly ornamented, in which the 
badges and supporters of the royal founder are variously 
displayed. This chapel had become so decayed externally, 
that fears were entertained for the safety of the whole 
fabric. It was therefore deemed necessary to renovate it 
completely ; and for this purpose Parliament granted va- 
rious sums of money, to the amount of nearly .£50,000, 



WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 75 

from the years 1809 to 1822, in which interval it was 
restored, in exact conformity with the original building, 
under the superintendence of James Wyatt, Esq. Great 
elegance is displayed in the forms and tracery of the win- 
dows, particularly that towards the west. They were 
originally filled with stained and painted glass, of which 
there only remains a figure of Henry VII. in the upper- 
most east window, and some small heraldic memorials. 
Within a screen, near the east end of the chapel, is 
the tomb of Henry and his queen, executed at vast 
expense by Pietro Torregiano. The figures of the deceased 
are designed with great simplicity : they are of cast cop- 
per, and were once resplendent with gilding. The pedestal 
is of black marble, variously ornamented, altogether 
forming a magnificent monument. 

A handsome monument to Lady Margaret Douglas, 
daughter of Margaret, Queen of Scots, by the Earl of An- 
gus, died 1577. A very magnificent tomb to Mary Queen of 
Scots. A table monument of Margaret Countess of Rich- 
mond, mother of Henry VII., died 1509. A figure to 
Lady Walpole, died 173/. A monument to George and 
Christopher Monk, his son, both Dukes of Albemarle; 
also Elizabeth, Duchess Dowager of Albemarle and Mon- 
tague, relict of Christopher Duke of Albemarle. At this 
end is the Royal vault, in which the remains of King 
Charles II., King William III., and Queen Mary his con- 
sort, Queen Anne, and Prince George, are all deposited. 
From this aisle we enter the nave of the chapel, where are 
installed the Knights of the most Honourable Order of the 
Bath. Between the Knights' stalls, under a broad pave- 
ment, is the Royal vault, where King George II. and 
Queen Caroline are buried; the Prince and Princess of 
Wales, two Dukes of Cumberland, the Duke of York, 
Prince Frederick William, and the Princesses Amelia, 
Caroline, Elizabeth, Louisa, and Anne. The magnificent 
tomb of Henry VII. and Elizabeth his Queen, the last of 
the house of York who wore the English crown, stands in 
body of the chapel. At the head of this chantry lie the 
remains of Edward VI., grandson of Henry VII., who died 






76 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 

in the sixteenth year of his age, and seventh of his 
reign. 

On one side, in a small chapel, is a monument wherein 
are effigies of Lewis Stuart, Duke of Richmond, and 
Frances his wife; he died 1623, she died 1639. A pyra- 
mid of black and white marble, in which is contained the 
heart of Esme Stuart, son of the Duke of Richmond and 
Lennox ; he died 1661. On a small tablet is an inscrip- 
tion to Anthony Philip, Duke of Montpensier, second son 
of the Duke of Orleans, brother of the present King of the 
French. Monument to John Sheffield, Duke of Bucking- 
ham. On the north side, in a chapel, is a monument of 
George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, the great favourite 
of King James I, and King Charles I. From hence you 
pass to the north aisle. A monument to Charles Monta- 
gue, the first Lord Halifax, died 1715. In front of this 
monument was buried Mr. Joseph Addison. There are 
likewise some monuments of less grandeur and magnifi- 
cence in this aisle. Here is the lofty and magnificent 
monument to Queen Elizabeth, erected to her memory by 
King James I., died 1602. Queen Mary, whose reign 
preceded that of Queen Elizabeth, was interred here like- 
wise. At the farther end is a vault, in which are deposited 
the bodies of King James I. and his Queen, Anne, died 
1625. A small tomb, erected to Mary, third daughter of 
James I., died 1607- A monument erected to Sophia, 
fourth daughter of the same King. An altar, raised by 
Charles II., to the memory of Edward V. and his brother. 

5. Chapel of St. Paul. — A monument to Sir 
Henry Belasyse, died 1717- Two monuments : one to the 
memory of Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Macleod, aged 26 
years; the other to Sir John Puckering, Knt., died 1596. 
Another of Sir James Fullerton, and his lady. A table 
monument, on which lie the effigies of Sir Giles Daubeny, 
and dame Elizabeth, his wife, died 1507 ; his lady 1500. 
A magnificent monument to Sir Thomas Bromley, died 
1587. A stately monument, whereon sits the effigy of Sir 
Dudley Carleton, Viscount Dorchester. To the east of 
this is a stately one of alabaster to Frances, Countess of 



WESTMINSTER ABBEY. // 

Sussex, died 1589. A monument of black touchstone, 
very remarkably differing from every other in the Abbey ; 
on the top of it is a bust of Ann, Lady Cottington, wife 
of Francis, Lord Cottington. A Gothic monument to 
Lewis Robert, or Robsart. A colossal monument is here 
erected to James Watt : the figure, by Chantrey, is par- 
ticularly expressive. Born at Greenock 1736; died at 
Heathfield, in Staffordshire, 1819. Ascend up a little stair- 
case, on the left hand side, that leads to 

6. Edward the Confessor's Chapel. — In the 
centre of this chapel stands the venerable shrine of St. 
Edward, sadly defaced. Edward the First made an offer- 
ing to it of the Scotch regalia, with the celebrated stone, 
which monkish superstition relates to have been Jacob's 
pillow. It was brought from Scone, in Scotland, in 1267, 
by Edward the First. This stone has been the subject of 
treaties and kingly conferences, owing to a desire of the 
Scotch to regain possession of it. So great indeed is the 
superstitious reverence which they attached to this stone, 
that they are supposed to have become reconciled to a 
union with England from a prophetic distich cut upon it 
by King Kenneth, as follows: — 

" Where'er this stone is found (or fate's decree is vain) 
The Scots the same shall hold, and there supremely reign." 

The screen of the chapel is adorned with several sta- 
tues, and a number of legendary hieroglyphics, respecting 
the Confessor, executed in basso relievo. 

On the south side of this shrine, Editha, daughter of 
Goodwyn, Earl of Kent, and Queen of St. Edward, lies 
interred, died 1118. In this part was buried Matilda, 
Queen of England, daughter of Malcolm, King of Scots, 
and wife to Henry I. On the north side is an ancient 
tomb, with the effigy of Henry III. upon it. He died in 
1272. At the feet of Henry III. is an ancient table mo- 
nument, on which lies the effigy of Eleanor, Queen of 
Edward I. A large plain coffin of grey marble, of five 
stones ; two make the sides, two the ends, and one the 
cover. This tomb enclosed the body of the glorious King 

H 2 



78 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 

Edward I. Just by is a large stone to the memory of 
John of Waltham, the twenty-sixth Bishop of Salisbury. 
He died in 1395. Near that of Henry III. is a small 
monument, in memory of Elizabeth Tudor, second 
daughter of King Henry VII., died 1495. Another mo- 
nument, in memory of Margaret, daughter of Edward 
IV., by Elizabeth Woodville, his Queen. Age only nine 
months. Died 1472. The monument of Henry V. is 
next. Here also will be seen the magnificent tomb of 
the glorious and warlike Prince, Henry of Monmouth. 
Near this tomb lie enclosed, in an old wooden chest, the 
remains of Catherine, his Queen, which are put under 
ground, died 1457. An ancient tomb of black marble, to 
the memory of Philippa, third daughter of William Earl 
of Hainault, and Queen of King Edward III. She 
died August 15, 1369. The tomb of Edward III. On a 
table of grey marble lies the effigy of this Prince, died 
1377- Another tomb, to Richard II. and his Queen. 
He was murdered on St. Valentine's Day, 1399. In the 
same tomb lies his Queen. Died 1394. Between the 
shrine of St. Edward and the tomb of Queen Philippa, 
lies the great Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, 
uncle of the before-mentioned Richard II., and murdered 
by him. He was murdered September 8, 1397. In this 
chapel was interred the heart of Henry d'Almade, son of 
Richard, King of the Romans, brother of Henry III. 
His heart was put in a cup and placed near St. Edward's 
shrine. In this chapel, in a wainscot press, is the effigy 
of Edmund Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham. 

The Coronation Chairs. The most ancient of 
them were brought, with the regalia, from Scotland, by King 
Edward I., in the year 1297 (after he had overcome John 
Baliol, King of Scots, in several battles), and offered to 
St. Edward's shrine. The stone under the seat is re- 
ported to be Jacob's pillow : the other chair was made 
for Queen Mary II. At the coronation one or both of 
them are covered with gold tissue, and placed before the 
altar behind which they now stand, surrounded by several 
monarchs, who seem to guard them, even in death. 



WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 79 

7. The Chapel of St. Erasmus. — A monument to 
Mrs. Mary Kendall, died 1710. A monument to Sir 
Thomas Vaughan. A monument to Colonel Edward 
Popham. Thomas Cary, second son of the Earl of Mon- 
mouth, has a monument in this chapel erected to his 
memory. A tombstone of grey marble, to the memory of 
Hugh de Bohun, and Mary, his sister, grandchildren to 
King Edward I. Thomas Cecil, Earl of Exeter, Privy 
Councillor to King James, has a large monument, 
whereon is his effigy. A monument to Henry Carey, first 
cousin of Queen Elizabeth, created Baron Hunsdon, died 
1596. A monument to Elizabeth, Countess of Mex- 
borough, died 1821. An ancient monument, supposed to 
be Thomas Ruthall, Bishop of Durham, died 1524. 
William of Colchester, Abbot of Westminster, died 1420, 
has also an ancient stone monument in this chapel. An 
ancient monument of George Fascet, Abbot of West- 
minster, in the time of Henry VII., died 1500. 

8. The Chapel of Islip (or St. John the Bap- 
tist). — In this Chapel of Islip there are but two monu- 
ments of note : that of John Islip, Abbot of Westmins- 
ter, the founder ; and that of Christopher Hatton, chan- 
cellor in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, died 1619. 

Wax Figures. In a chantry over this chapel are 
handsome wainscot presses, which contain the effigies of 
Queen Elizabeth, King William and Queen Mary, and 
Queen Anne, in their coronation robes ; with the Earl of 
Chatham, in his parliamentary robes. Here is a wax mo- 
del of Frances Theresa, relict of Charles Stuart, Duke of 
Richmond, who died in 1672, and daughter of Walter 
Stuart, M.D., who died October 13, 1702, and is interred 
in the Richmond vault. Adjoining is the wax model of 
Katharine, relict of John, Duke of Buckingham and 
Normandy. Also is placed here a very striking resem- 
blance of our departed hero, Lord Nelson, modelled in 
wax. 

9. The Chapel of St. John the Evangelist, St. 
Andrew, and St. Michael. — On the left hand are 
four monuments : — one to Lieutenant- General W. A. 



80 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 

Villettes, Colonel of the 64th regiment, and Lieutenant- 
Governor of Jamaica, who died near Port Antonio, 1808. 
A second to General Stuart, having a fine medallion of 
him. The third a delicate female figure holding a scroll. 
The fourth is to the memory of Richard Kempenfeldt, 
Esq., Rear- Admiral of the Blue, who was lost in his Ma- 
jesty's ship Royal George. A monument to Sir Francis 
Vere, died in 1608. A monument on which is repre- 
sented, in relief, the siege of a town — Nieuport, in the 
Netherlands, to the memory of Sir George Holies, nephew 
of Sir Francis Vere, and a Major-General under him, died 
1626. A monument to Sir George Pocock, K.B. Admiral 
of the Blue. A monument, erected by the East India 
Company, to Captain Edward Cook. He died 23rd of 
May, 1/99. A monument to the memory of Joseph 
Gascoigne Nightingale, and his lady. The monument to 
the memory of the Earl and Countess of Mountrath. 
The next is a monument, representing a ship at sea, to 
Thomas Totty, of Cornist, died in 1802. A monument to 
Sarah, Duchess of Somerset, died 1692. Sir Henry 
Norris, his Lady, and six sons. A monument to Susanna 
Jane Davidson, died 1767- Another to Matthew Baillie, 
professor of Anatomy, died 1823. A colossal figure to 
Mr. Telford, by Bailey. A marble tomb to Anastatia, 
Countess of Kerry, died 1799. Francis Thomas, Earl of 
Kerry, died July 4, 1818, aged 78. An ancient grave- 
stone of Abbot Kirton, died 1466. A monument to the 
learned Dr. Young, M.D., died 1829. 

Of the Tombs in the Area. — In returning through 
the Area after visiting the chapels, are placed on the 
right and left, two magnificent monuments, to Field- 
Marshal John E. Ligonier, and Major-General James 
Wolfe. That on the right, to the memory of the Field- 
Marshal, died 1770. On the left, is the superb monu- 
ment to General James Wolfe. He was slain in 1759. 
A table monument to the memory of Bishop Duppa, 
tutor to King Charles II., died 1662. A monument to 
John Theophilus Beresford, Lieutenant in the 88th regi- 
ment, who died in 1812. A monument to Sir James 



WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 81 

Adolphus Oughton, died 1780. On the floor in front of 
General Wolfe's monument, is the image of an abbot in 
his mass habit, curiously engraved on brass, representing 
John de Eastney, who died March 4, 1498. Adjoining 
this is a gravestone for Sir Thomas Parry, Knt., Trea- 
surer of the Household, Master of the Court of Wards to 
Queen Elizabeth, died 1560. A little to the left, the 
figure of an armed Knight, represents Sir John Harpe- 
don, Knt., died 1457. The monument of Dr. Barnard, 
Bishop of Londonderry, died 1708. A monument of 
Charles Holmes, Esq., Rear- Admiral of the White, died 
1761. A monument to William Pulteney, Earl of Bath, 
died 1764. The next monument worth observing, is that 
of Esther de la Tour de Gouvernet, the Lord Eland's 
lady, died in 1694. There is affixed to the corner of 
Henry the Fifth's chapel, a neat monument of black 
marble, to Sir Robert Alton, Knt., died 1638. An an- 
cient flat stone in the pavement to the memory of Sir 
John Galofre, died 1366. Between the chapels of St. 
Nicholas and St. Edmund, is a fine bust of Richard 
Tufton, died 1631. There are many persons besides 
those mentioned, whose remains lie in this area, particu- 
larly Anne of Cleve, sister of the Duke of Cleve, died in 
1557- A still more unfortunate Queen lies near this last, 
Anne, Queen of Richard III. Here are also the remains 
of an old monument of Sebert, King of East Saxons ; 
also of Athelgoda, his Queen, who died September 13, 
615. 

South-East Transept or Poets' Corner de- 
rives its title from the number of monuments erected in 
it to commemorate poetic genius. It is a spot of exqui- 
site interest to the lover of human lore. Wits and states- 
men are here commingled, and form a shrine where ad- 
miration loves to pay its homage. 

The vaults beneath the chapel have received the re- 
mains of all our sovereigns since its foundation to George 
II. inclusive, except James II. who died in exile, and was 
buried at St. Germain, near Paris. 

Mr. Dry den, died May 1, 1700. Abraham Cowley. 



82 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 

This monument, though apparently plain, is very ex- 
pressive ; buried August 3, 1667. John Roberts, Esq. 
Geoffrey Chaucer. Mr. John Phillips. The bust of this 
gentleman, in relief, is here represented, died at Here- 
ford, 1708. Barton Booth, Esq., the eminent actor; he 
died in 1733. Michael Drayton; the inscription and 
epitaph were formerly in letters of gold. Ben Jonson ; 
this monument is of fine marble; died 1637. Samuel 
Butler ; this tomb, as by the inscription appears, was 
erected by John Barber, Esq., Lord Mayor of London ; 
died 1680. Edmund Spenser. Beneath Mr. Butler's 
there was a rough decayed tomb of Purbeck stone, to the 
memory of Mr. Edmund Spenser, died in 1598. John 
Milton, author of "Paradise Lost," died in Bunhill 
fields, 1674. Sacred to the best of men, William Mason, 
A.M., died 7th of April, 1797. Thomas Shadwell; this 
monument, which is of curious marble, was erected by 
Dr. John Shadwell; died November 20, 1692. Matthew 
Prior; the bust was done by order of the King of 
France, and cut by Chevaux; died September 18, 1721. 
A monument to Granville Sharp, died July, 1813. A 
monument to Christopher Anstey, Esq., author of the 
" Bath Guide." A monument to Mrs. Pritchard, the 
actress. William Shakspeare ; both the design and 
workmanship of this monument are extremely elegant. 
The heads on the pedestal, representing Henry V., 
Richard III., and Queen Elizabeth, (three principal cha- 
racters in his plays,) are likewise proper ornaments to 
grace his tomb. James Thomson ; next is a monument 
erected to the memory of James Thomson, author of the 
"Seasons;" died August 27, 1748. Nicholas Rowe, 
Esq., poet laureat, and author of several fine tragedies, 
died 1718. John Gay; a monument erected to his me- 
mory by the Duke and Duchess of Queensberry ; died De- 
cember the 4th, 1732. Oliver Goldsmith, M.D. ; on 
this monument is the portrait of the Doctor in profile ; 
died April 14, 1774. John, Duke of Argyle and Green- 
wich, died October 4, 1743. A monument to Sir Archi- 
bald Campbell, died 1791. Edward Atkyns and his 



WESTMINSTER ABBEY. S3 

Sons; he died in 1669. Joseph Addison, Esq., author of 
the " Spectator," died in his 48th year. George Frederick 
Handel, the Composer, died April 14, 1759. William 
Outram, D.D., died 1678. Dr. Stephen Hales, died 
1761. Underneath is Isaac Barrow, died 1677. Edward 
Wetenhall, M.D., an eminent physician, who died August 
29, 1733. A monument to Sir John Pringle, Bart., 
died 1782. A monument to Sir Robert Taylor, Knt., 
died 1788. Thomas Triplett, a great divine, died 1670. 
Sir Richard Coxe, died 1623. Isaac Casaubon, died 
1614. John Ernest Grabe, died in 1711. To the me- 
mory of David Garrick, who died in the year 1779. 
William Camden, the antiquary, died November 9, 1623. 
Thomas Parr, of the county of Salop, born in 1483, died 
1635. Under the pavement, near Dryden's tomb, lie the 
remains of Francis Beaumont, the dramatic writer, died 
in London in 1515. 

South Aisle or Area. — The tomb of Sophia Fair- 
holm, mother to the Marquis of Annandale, died 1716. 
A tablet to William Dalrymple, died 1782. A tablet to 
Rear- Admiral John Harrison, died 1791. Sir John Bur- 
land, Knt., LL.D., Baron of the Exchequer, died 1776. 
In this chapel are also monuments to Sir Cloudesley Sho- 
vell, Knt. ; William Wragg, Esq. ; Thomas Knipe, S.T.P., 
Head-Master of Westminster School, died 1711; Dr. 
Charles Burney, died 1818. Adjoining to Knipe's, one 
to George Stepney, Esq., of Prendergaft, in Pembroke- 
shire. Dr. Isaac Watts, born July 17> 1674, died Novem- 
ber 25, 1748; Sir Richard Bingham, died 1598; Major 
Richard Creed, killed at the Battle of Blenheim, 1704; 
Admiral George Churchill, died 1710 ; Martin Folkes, the 
President of the Royal Society, 1741, died June 1754; 
Major Andre; Sir Palmes Fairborne, Knt.; Sir John 
Chardin, Bart. ; Colonel Roger Townshend; Sidney, Earl 
Godolphin, died 1712 ; Sir Charles Harbord, and Clement 
Cottrel, Esq. ; Lieutenant- General William Hargrave, Go- 
vernor of Gibraltar, died 1748; Diana Temple; Ann 
Filding; Carola Harnset; John Smith, Esq., died 1718; 
Major-General James Fleming, died 1715; Charles Her- 



84 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 

ries, Esq., died 1819; General George Wade, died 1748; 
Rev. John Thomas, LL.D., Bishop of Rochester, died 
1793 ; Katharine Bovey, died 1 726 ; Lord Viscount Howe ; 
Dr. Zachary Pearce, Bishop of Rochester, died 1774. 
Dr. Joseph Willocks, Bishop of Rochester, died 1 756 ; 
Thomas Sprat, D.D., Bishop of Rochester, died in 1713. 
and the second inscription shows — " Thomas Sprat, A.M. 
(son of the Bishop), Archdeacon of Rochester," died 1720. 
Admiral Tyrell, died 1 760 ; Sir Lumley Robinson, Bart., 
died 1684; John Friend, M.D., 1728; William Con- 
greve,Esq., died 1728; Henry Wharton, died 1624. Above 
this monument of Wharton is a gallery, used by the Royal 
Family to see the procession of the Knights of the Bath. 
They enter at Poets' Corner door, and proceed round the 
west end, and up the north aisle, into Henry the Seventh's 
Chapel, where the installation takes place. The Right 
Honourable James Craggs, died 1720; Captain James 
Cornwall, died 1743 ; Sir Thomas Hardy, Knt., died 1732 ; 
John Conduit, Esq., died 1737- A stone arch has been 
turned over the west door, on which is erected a monu- 
ment, voted by the Parliament, to the memory of the Right 
Hon. William Pitt, who died January 23, 1806. Captain 
Montague ; he was the only Captain killed in Earl Howe's 
fleet on the 1st of June, 1794. The Right Honourable 
George Tierney, died in 1830; Lieutenant- Colonel Sir 
Richard Fletcher, killed at the storming of St. Sebastian. 
Major James Rennell, died 1830; William Horneck, Esq., 
died 1746; Hon. Charles Banks Stanhope, died 1809; 
Rear- Admiral Sir George Hope, K.C.B. ; Hon. George 
Augustus Frederick Lake, died 1808; Sir Godfrey Knel- 
ler, Bart., died in 1723; Penelope Egerton, died 1670; 
General Lawrence, died 1775; Anne, Countess Dowager 
of Clanrickard, died 1732; Martha Price, died 1678; 
Captain Hervey and Captain Hutt; John Woodward, 
M.D., died 1728; Heneage Twysden, died 1 709 ; William 
Levinz, Esq,, died 1765; Thomas Banks, Esq., R.A., died 
1805 ; Colonel James Bringfield; Robert Killigrew ; Mrs. 
Mary Beaufoy, died 1705; Governor Loten, died 1789; 
Miss Ann Why tell, died 1788; John Stewart, Esq., Cap- 



WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 85 

tain in the Royal Navy, died 1811 ; Mrs. Jane Hill, died 
1631 ; Right Honourable Spencer Perceval; Richard Mead, 
M.D., died 1754; Gilbert Thornburgh, Esq., died 1677; 
Admiral Baker, died 1716; George Lindsay Johnstone, 
Esq. ; Henry Priestman, died 1712 ; Philip Carteret, died 
1710 ; Sir James Stewart Denham, Bart., died 1780; 
Edward de Carteret, died 1677; Thomas Livingstone, 
Viscount Teviot, died 1710; Dr. Bell, LL.D., died 1832; 
Sir Isaac Newton, died in 1726; James Earl Stanhope, 
died in 1721 ; Philip (second) Earl Stanhope, died 1786; 
Charles (third) Earl Stanhope, died 1816. 

The New Screen at the Back of the Organ. 
— The monuments to Sir Isaac Newton and Lord Stan- 
hope are now in Gothic recesses, formed by a screen, 
designed by Mr. Blore, architect to the Abbey, and exe- 
cuted with great precision. Four pilasters, with deco- 
rated fihals, divide the nave into three compartments, the 
centre for the gate of entrance to the choir from the west ; 
the other two contain the above monuments, which orna- 
ment the back of those recesses, and heighten the general 
effect : on each of those pilasters are projecting pedestals, 
on which are the figures of Henry III. and Edward the 
Confessor, and those of Queen Eleanor, wife of Henry 
III., and Eleanor, the wife of Edward the First. This 
screen, at the Dean and Chapter's expense, is much 
admired. Thomas Thynne, Esq., died 1682. General 
Sir Thomas Trigge, died 1814. Thomas Owen, Esq., 
died 1598. Paoli, King of Corsica, died in this metro- 
polis, 180 7. Dame Grace Gethin, died 1697- Sir 
Thomas Richardson, died 1634. William Thynne, Esq., 
died 1584. Dr. Richard Busby, Master of Westminster 
College, died 1695. Between Dr. Busby and South, on 
a tablet, Dean William Vincent, died 1815. Underneath, 
a small portion of Anne of Cieve's monument is to be per- 
ceived. Robert South, D.D., died 1716. Charles Agar, 
D.D., died 1809. Richard le Neve, Esq., died 1673. 
Temple West, Esq., died 1757. Sir George Leonard 
Staunton, died 1801. William Croft, died 1727. John 
Blow, died 1708. Doctor Charles Burnev, died 1814. 



86 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 

Philip de Sausmarez, Esq., died 1747- Dr. Boulter, died 
1742. Samuel Bradford, S.T.P., died 1731. Richard 
Kane, died 1736. Percy Kirke, Esq., died 1741. Lord 
Aubrey Beauclerk. Dr. Warren, Bishop of Bangor, died 
1800. Sir John Balchen, Knt., died 1744. General 
Guest. Admiral Watson, died 1747. Sir William San- 
derson, Knt., died 1676. George Montague Dunk, Earl 
of Halifax, died 1771- Sir Clifton Wintringham, Bart., 
M.D., died 1792. Major-General Coote Manningham, 
died 1809. Jonas Hanway, Esq., died 1789. Francis 
Horner, Esq., died 1817. General Hope, died 1782. 
Right Honourable Warren Hastings, died 1818. Lieu- 
tenant-General Sir Eyre Coote, K.B., died 1783. Ad- 
miral Sir Henry Blackwood, died 1832. Mr. John 
Kemble. Lord Robert Manners, Captain William 
Bayne, and Captain William Blair. William, Earl of 
Mansfield, died 1793. Right Honourable William Pitt, 
Earl of Chatham, died 1778. The Right Honourable 
William Pitt, Charles James Fox, the Marquis of Lon- 
donderry, Mr. Canning, Mr. Grattan, Lord Colchester, 
and Mr. Wilberforce, lie here very near each other. Sir 
Charles Wager, died 1743. Admiral Vernon, died 1757. 
John Holies, Duke of Newcastle, died 1711. William 
Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle, died 1676. Mr. Canning, 
died 1827. Clement Saunders, Esq., died 1695. Grace 
Scott, died 1645. Sir John Malcolm, died 1833. Sir 
Peter Warren, died 1752. Sir Gilbert Lort, died 1698. 
John Storr, Esq., died 1783. Charles James Fox. Sir 
Thomas Heskett, died 1605. Dame Mary James, wife 
of Sir John James, died 1677. Dr. Hugh Chamberlen, 
died 1728. Dr. Samuel Arnold, died 1802. Henry 
Purcell, the Composer, died 1696. Captain George 
Bryan, died 1809. Sir S. T. Raffles, LLD., F.R.S., 
died 1826. Almericus de Courcy, Baron of Kinsale, 
died in 1719. William Wilberforce, died 1833. Sir 
Thomas Duppa, died 1694. Dr. Plenderleath, died 1811. 
Dame Elizabeth Carteret, died 1717. 

The Monuments in the Cloisters. — Of these, 
the most ancient are in the south walk of the cloisters, 



WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 



87 



towards the east end, where will be seen the remains of 
four Abbots, marked in the pavement by four stones. 
The first is of black marble, called Long Meg, from its 
extraordinary length of eleven feet ten inches, by five feet 
ten inches, and covers the ashes of Gervasus de Blois, 
natural son of King Stephen, who died 1106. The 
second is a raised stone, of Sussex marble, under which 
lies interred the Abbot Laurentius, who died in 1176, and 
is said to have been the first who obtained from Pope 
Alexander III. the privilege of using the mitre, ring, and 
globe. The third is a stone of grey marble, to the me- 
mory of Geslebertus Crispinus, who died 1114. His 
effigy may still be traced on his gravestone, by the frag- 
ments of his mitre and pastoral staff. The fourth is the 
oldest of all, and was formerly covered with plates 
of brass, inscribed to the Abbot Vitales, who died in 
1082. All these seem to have had their names and dates 
cut afresh, and are indeed fragments worthy to be pre- 
served. About the middle of the north cloister was 
buried a king's scholar named Webber. To the left hath 
been lately erected a tablet, sacred to the memory of 
Walter Hawkes. Daniel Pulteney. To Charles Godol- 
phin, Esq., and Mrs. Godolphin, his wife, who died 1726. 
Near this place are deposited the remains of Benjamin 
Cooke, died 1793. Upon a tablet that has emblems of 
music — To the memory of James Bartleman, died 15th 
April, 1821. Near this is a small but very neat monu- 
ment, made of artificial stone, to the memory of Edward 
Wortlev Montague. In this walk is erected a monu- 
ment to W. Buchan, M.D., died 1805. 

The general dimensions of the abbey are — 



FEET 

Length from east to west, in- 
cluding Henrythe Seventh's 

chapel 530 

Of the church in the clear . . 375 
Vestibule before Henry the 

Seventh's chapel ] 8 

Transept from north to south, 

in the clear 214 

Cloister from east to west . . 141 

north to south 160 

Diameter of the chapterhouse 50 



FEET 

Width church, west front .. 119 

nave, interior 31 

aisles 12 

total in the clear .... 79 

each arch 21 

Height west towers, each . . 225 

central tower 153 

church exterior to up- 

per parapet 114 

to ridge of roof .... 141 



88 



CHURCHES, 



Cloisters, Chapter House, &c. — The cloisters of 
this foundation remain nearly entire, and contain nume- 
rous monuments, both ancient and modern. The chapter 
house is an octagonal building, which originally was very 
lofty, and had a pillar rising from the centre of the floor 
to the roof, with arches springing from the walls of each 
angle, and meeting at the top. Only a part of the central 
pillar now remains, and the building has been fitted up 
for the reception of the crown records, which are now 
deposited here. Among them is the celebrated Domes- 
day book, compiled in the eleventh century. It is written 
on vellum, and in high preservation, being as legible as 
when first transcribed. 

Of Admission. — To view the whole of the abbey, enter 
at Poets' corner door, opposite the House of Lords. 
Guides are in attendance, from nine till six every day, 
except Sundays, Good Friday, Christmas Day, and gene- 
ral Fasts. For seeing all that is to be seen, the expense 
now is only sixpence each person. 

ST. MARGARET'S CHURCH, 

New Palace yard, is situated on the north side of 
Westminster abbey. It was erected by Edward the Con- 
fessor, in 1061, and re-built in the reign of Edward I. 
Over the communion table is a fine basso-relievo, repre- 
senting our Saviour and the disciples at Emmaus. The 
beautiful window was made by order of the magistrates 
of Dort, in Holland, and designed by them as a present 
to Henry VII.; having passed into several hands, it was 
afterwards purchased by the inhabitants of St. Margaret's 
parish for 400 guineas. This splendid painting represents 
the Crucifixion. The figures at the bottom of the two 
side panels, represent Henry VII. and his Queen. Sir 
Walter Raleigh, Knt., was buried here on the day that he 
was beheaded in Old Palace yard. 

ST. MARTIN'S IN THE FIELDS, 

St. Martin's lane, has long been an object of admira- 
tion to the lovers of architectural beauty. On the west 



CHURCHES. 



89 




front is a noble portico of eight Corinthian columns ; it 
supports a pediment, in which are the royal arms, and 
underneath, a Latin inscription respecting the erection of 
the church. The ascent to the portico is by a flight of 
very long steps. It has a fine arched roof, sustained by 
stone columns of the Corinthian order. The interior 
decorations are extremely fine. The organ was presented 
by George I., in 1726. Situated for years in the midst of 
a dense mass of the lowest class of dwelling houses, its 
beauties could not be sufficiently appreciated ; but it now 
stands boldly forth a prominent feature of the improve- 
ments in the neighbourhood of Pall Mall. 

ST. JAMES'S, WESTMINSTER, 

Piccadilly. It was founded in the latter part of 
Charles II. reign, and consecrated in the first of James 
II. It was erected by Sir Christopher Wren. The font 
of white marble is finely sculptured. 

ST. GEORGE'S, HANOVER SQUARE, 
Erected in the reign of Queen Anne. The portico 
consists of six Corinthian columns, with an entablature 

i 2 



90 



CHURCHES. 



and pediment. The altar-piece, representing the Last 
Supper, is said to have been executed by Sir James 
Thornhill. Over the altar has recently been placed a 
fine specimen of an ancient stained glass window, formerly 
belonging to a convent at Mechlin. The subject is, the 
Genealogy of our Lord Jesus Christ. 

MARYLEBONE NEW CHURCH, 
New road, designed as an additional chapel-of-ease to 
the parish, but when finished, it was so much admired, 
that it was thought expedient to make it the parish 
church. The organ is over the altar, and stands at the 
south end of the church. The altar-piece, representing 
the Nativity, is by West, who presented it to the church. 
The interior is rendered remarkable by a double gallery. 





ST. PANCRAS NEW CHURCH, 
Euston square, one of the most attractive pieces of 
modern architecture, was raised a few years since at an 
expense of ^75,000. It is built of brick, entirely faced 
with Portland stone. The design of the building was 
formed by combining in one the beauties of the most 



CHURCHES. 91 

celebrated Athenian temples, of which the relative parts 
are said to be just representations. The interior is ele- 
gant to a high degree ; the windows are composed of 
ground glass, with stained borders ; the galleries are 
supported by pillars, taken from casts of the Elgin mar- 
bles : the pulpit and reading desk have been made from 
the tree well known as " the Fairlop oak/' in Hainault 
forest. Beneath the church are large vaults, calculated 
to contain two thousand coffins. Within each of the 
porticos leading to these, is a sarcophagus, the entabla- 
tures supported by six female figures, holding ewers and 
inverted torches. The effect of the whole is very strik- 
ing ; and its situation on one side of an open square ad- 
mits of its being seen to the best advantage. 

ST. GILES'S IN THE FIELDS, 

Broad street, St. Giles's. At the west end is a tower 
of the Doric and Ionic orders. This church contains a 
monument of Sir Roger l'Estrange. Here likewise are 
interred Andrew Marvel, the inflexible patriot, Richard 
Pendrell, the conductor of Charles II. after the battle of 
Worcester, Chapman, the first translator of Homer, and 
Flaxman, the great sculptor. Over the north-west gate 
is a fine bronze representation of the Resurrection, exe- 
cuted about 1686. On this spot formerly stood an hos- 
pital, in front of which Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham, 
was burnt for his religious opinions, in the reign of 
Henry V. 

ST. ANDREW'S, HOLBORN HILL, 

Erected in 1687, under the direction of Sir C. Wren. 
Over the altar-piece is a painted window, representing 
the Lord's Supper and the Ascension. 

ST. PAUL, COVENT GARDEN, 

Erected from designs by Inigo Jones. In the church- 
yard are the remains of Butler, author of Hudibras, Dr. 
Walcot, and Michael Kelly. This church has an illu- 
minated dial. 



92 



CHURCHES. 




ST. DUNSTAN'S, FLEET STREET. 

The demolition of the venerable relic which had stood 
here for ages, was completed in 1830. Since then a 
handsome pile of the Gothic order, designed by the late 
John Shaw, Esq., architect of Christ's Hospital, has been 
erected on its site. The freestone tower, by which it is 
crowned towards the south, rises 130 feet above the 
pavement, and is much admired. The interior, which is 
octagonal, is very elegant; the lower part consists of 
Gothic recesses, in which the monuments are placed, 
while the upper part is decorated with elegant stained 
windows. The one over the communion table represents 
the four Evangelists. The whole figure of the church 
has a new and original aspect. On the east side are 
the vestry and other rooms ; over the entrance is placed 
a statue of Queen Elizabeth, which formerly was on 
the west side of Ludgate. The present pile stands full 
30 feet farther back than its cumbrous predecessor. 



CHURCHES. 93 



ST. BRIDE'S, 

Fleet street, almost incomparable for the beauty of 
its spire, was built under the direction of Sir Christopher 
Wren. A paved court, of late years thrown open, com- 
municating opposite the church with Fleet street, affords 
a clear view of the church on the north side. The dial 
of the clock is illuminated at night. At the east end is a 
beautiful stained glass window, by the late Mr. Muss, 
representing the Descent from the Cross, after Rubens. 

CHRIST CHURCH, NEWGATE STREET, 

Was erected in 1687* by Sir Christopher Wren, on the 
site of a church of Franciscans, where, it is said, no fewer 
than 600 or 700 persons of distinction were interred. 
The present church is a beautiful structure, with a lofty 
square tower. The pulpit is carved with representations 
of the Last Supper and of the four Evangelists. The 
front is of stone, and is adorned with alto-relievos. The 
western window is ornamented with stained glass, and 
above are the royal arms. The Spital sermons are 
preached in this church in Easter week; and here, on 
St. Matthew's day, a sermon is annually delivered before 
the lord mayor, aldermen, and governors of Christ's 
Hospital. 

ST. BARTHOLOMEW THE GREAT, 

West Smith field, one of the most ancient churches 
in London, having been built in the middle of the 
twelfth century, contains the tomb of Rahere, the 
founder of the adjacent hospital. 

ST. MARY LE BOW, 

Cheapside, commonly called Bow church, was erected 
by Sir C. Wren, in 1673. The principal ornament of 
this church is its steeple of Portland stone, which is above 



94 



CHURCHES. 




200 feet in height. It is surmounted by a vane in the 
form of a dragon. In this church is a monument to the 
memory of Dr. Newton, bishop of Bristol. The con- 
secration of the bishops of London takes place here. 

ST. OLAVE'S JEWRY, 

In the Old Jewry, built by Sir C. Wren in 1673, is 
adorned with three pictures, representing Queen Eliza- 
beth lying on a couch, Charles I., and a figure of Time, 
with emblematical devices. 

ST. STEPHEN'S, WALBROOK. 

The extreme plainness and simplicity of the exterior of 
this temple does not promise the observer that gratifica- 
tion which its beautiful interior must ever impart. The 
power of surprise in raising our enjoyments to a high 
pitch, is felt by every visitor the moment he pushes for- 
ward the folding doors and beholds this admirable work. 
The chasteness, simplicity, and seeming artlessness of the 
whole arrangement strikes his eye at once; but the 
astonishment thus excited soon gives way, and a feeling 



CHURCHES. 95 

of reverence succeeds as he continues to examine the dif- 
ferent parts, and to discover the exquisite fitness and 
symmetry which they lend each other. The church 
seems much smaller than it is, in consequence of this 
exact proportion. 

This church was erected about the year 1675, from 
designs by Sir Christopher Wren, and is by many con- 
sidered as the master-piece of that great architect. The 
altar piece is a beautiful representation of the interment 
of St. Stephen, by West. The walls enclose an area of 
82 feet by 59. 

ST. MARGARET'S, LOTHBURY, 

Built in 1690 by Sir C. Wren, contains a curious font, 
on the basin of which are carved representations of the 
Garden of Eden and Fall of Man, the Salvation of Noah 
and his family, the Baptism of Jesus, and Philip bap- 
tising the Eunuch. The cover is adorned with a figure of 
St. Margaret, accompanied by Faith, Hope, and Charity. 

ST. HELEN'S, GREAT ST. HELEN'S* 

Bishopsgate street, one of the few churches which 
escaped the fire of London. It is remarkable for several 
curious monuments, amongst which may be noticed 
those of Sir Thomas Gresham, the founder of the Ex- 
change ; Sir Julius Caesar, master of the rolls to James 
I. ; Sir William Pickering, who had served four different 
sovereigns ; Sir John Crosby, a great benefactor to the 
church ; and Francis Bancroft, who left a considerable 
sum of money to the Drapers' company for the erection 
of alms houses. 

ST. GILES'S, CRIPPLECATE, 

Fore street, Cripplegate, erected about 1546. 
Over the south-east door is a beautiful figure of Time, 
with his scythe, &c. Above the altar is a window of 
stained glass. The church is remarkable as the burial- 
place of Foxe the martyrologist, Speed the historian, and 



96 



CHURCHES. 



Milton the poet. Oliver Cromwell was married in this 
church. 

ST. LEONARD'S, SHOREDITCH. 

The portico consists of four Doric columns, surmounted 
by a triangular pediment. At the eastern extremity of 
the interior is a painted window, representing the Lord's 
Supper, the reconciliation of Jacob and Esau, Jacob's 
Vision, and Jacob at prayer. 

ST. GEORGE THE MARTYR, 

High street, Borough. Erected 1737- Over the 
altar is a painted window, representing our Saviour preach- 
ing in the Temple. Here Cocker the arithmetician, and 
Bishop Bonner, were interred. 

ST. SAVIOUR'S, SOUTHWARK. 

It formerly belonged to a priory founded before the con- 
quest. The Ladye Chapel, which was formerly let as a 
bakehouse by the corporation, is the most beautiful fea- 
ture of this edifice, and, owing to the spirited exertions of 
a few persons of taste, this relic has been restored to its 
pristine beauty. The ruinous portion of this church has 
been rebuilt to correspond with the other part. A beautiful 
altar screen has been placed at the east end. The princi- 
pal monuments are those to the memory of William 
Wykeham, Bishop of Lincoln, Bishop Andrews, Gower, 
the contemporary of Chaucer, and A. Newland, Esq., 
all of whom are buried in this church. 

ST. MARY'S, LAMBETH. 

The tower of this church was erected about 1375, and 
the edifice towards the end of the fifteenth century. In 
oue of the windows is the figure of a pedlar and his dog, 
painted on glass ; this person is said to have left to the 
parish the ground called Pedlar's acre. The chancel is 
ornamented with the monuments of archbishops Bancroft, 
Tenison, Hutton, Cornwallis, Moore, and Seeker. 



ROMAN CATHOLIC CHAPELS 



97 



Our space will not permit us to dwell on the peculiari- 
ties of each of so numerous a class of buildings as our 
religious edifices ; we have therefore selected some of the 
most remarkable. Several new ones have been erected 
within the last few years ; others have been determined 
on, and some are yet only in contemplation. The stranger 
will have opportunities sufficient in his transit through 
the town of viewing the exterior of many ; and, if so dis- 
posed, can judge of their interior arrangements at the 
hours when they are open for divine service. 

The following churches, not mentioned in the pre- 
ceding remarks, were erected under the superintendence 
of Sir C. Wren :— 



All Hallows, Bread street 

St. Peter, Cornhill 

St. Michael, Cornhill 

St. Mary, Aldermanbury 

St. Stephen, Coleman street 

St. Anne, Blackfriars 

St. Michael, Portemaster royal 

St. Magnus the Martyr, London 

bridge 
St. George, Botolph lane 
St. Alban, Wood street 
All Hallows the great and less, 

Thames street 
All Hallows, Lombard street 
St. Anne, Aldersgate street 
St. Anthony, Budge row 
St. Mary Somerset, Upper Thames 

street 
St. Matthew, Friday street 
St. Michael, Bassishaw, Basing- 

hall street 
St. Michael, Queenhithe 



St. Augustin, Watling street 
St. Benedict Fink, Threadneedle 

street 
St. Benet, Gracechurch street 
St. Clement, Eastcheap 
St. Dionis, back church, Lime 

street, Fenchurch street 
St. Edmund, Lombard street 
St. James's, Garlick hill, 

Thames street 
St. Magaret Pattens, Rood lane 
St. Martin, Ludgate street 
St. Mary, Abchurch lane 
St. Mary, Bow lane 
St. Mary-at-hill, Lower Thames 

street 
St. Mary Magdalen, Old Fish st. 
St. Michael, Wood street 
St. Mildred, Bread street 
St. Mildred, Poultry 
St. Nicholas, Old Fish street 
St. S within, Cannon street 



We have not space in which to enumerate the respec- 
tive places of Protestant dissenting worship ; but, to the 
inquiring stranger, the subjoined indications may be 
useful : — 



ROMAN CATHOLIC CHAPELS. 



Bavarian chapel, Golden square 
Bermondsey chapel, East lane 
Chelsea chapel, Sloane square 
French chapel, Portman square 



K 



Francis street chapel, Chapel 

place, Tottenham Court Road 
German chapel, Bow lane, city 
Greenwich chapel, Maize hill 



98 FRIENDS 5 MEETINGS. — JEWS' SYNAGOGUES. 



Hammersmith chapel, King st. 
Hampstead, St. Mary's, Holly 

place 
Isleworth chapel, Shrewsbury 

place 
Kensington chapel, Holland st. 
London road chapel, St. George's 

fields 
Mary's, St. chapel, Woolwich 
Mary's, St. chapel, Moorfields 
Patrick's, St. chapel, Sutton st. 

Soho 
Patrick's, St. chapel, Stratford 
Poplar new chapel, Wade street 



Richmond chapel, Vineyards, 

Richmond 
Sardinian chapel, Lincoln's inn 

fields 
Somers town chapel, Clarendon 

square 
Spanish chapel, Spanish place, 

Manchester square 
Virginia street chapel, Ratcliff 

highway 
Westminster chapel, Marsham 

street 
German chapel, St. Thomas the 

Apostle, Queen st. Cheapside 



The vocal and instrumental music at many of the above 
chapels merits attention on Sundays and festivals, being 
conducted by men of eminence in the science, particularly 
at Moorfields and Spanish Place. Strangers are expected 
to pay a trifling compliment for their admission into the 
pews. The interior of the chapel in Moorfields deserves 
inspection : the altar is adorned by a number of fine 
marble columns ; directly behind it is a beautiful fresco 
painting of the Crucifixion; and the ceiling is ornamented 
with beautiful paintings, illustrating the birth of our 
Saviour, by Signor Aglio. The classical taste displayed 
in the construction of the chapel in Spanish place, by the 
late Mr. Rebecca, is deservedly praised. 

friends' meetings. 



Devonshire square, Bishopsgate 
Red cross street, Borough 
St. Peter's court, St. Martin's 
lane 



St. John street, Smithfield 
School house lane, Ratcliff 
White hart court, Gracechurch 
street 



JEWS SYNAGOGUES, 



Back alley, Denmark court, 

Strand 
Baker's gardens, Leadenhall st. 
Bevis Marks and Duke's place, 

(Portuguese) 
Bricklayers' hall, Leadenhall st. 
Carter's lane, Houndsditch 



Church row, Fenchurch street 
Dean street, Soho 
Duke's place, Houndsditch 

{German) 
St. Alban's place, St. James's 

square 
Queen street, Curzon street 



GENERAL CEMETERIES. 



99 



FOREIGN PROTESTANT CHURCHES, 



Butch. 
Austin friars 
St. James's palace 

French. 
Clement's lane, Lombard street 
Little Dean street, Soho 
St. John's street, Brick lane 
St. Martin's le Grand 

German. 



Little Alie street 
Little Trinity lane 
Savoy street, Strand 
St. James's palace 

Swiss. 
Moor street, Seven dials 

Swedish. 



Brown's lane, Spitalfields Prince's square, Ratcliff highway 

Most of the parish churches have portions of ground 
attached to them as burial grounds, and vaults within and 
under the churches. The dissenters have a large burial 
ground near Finsbury square, called Bunhill fields, where- 
in, at various periods, have been interred many men of 
great repute among the various sects. 

GENERAL CEMETERIES. 

It would conduce greatly to the health of the inhabitants 
of London, if the legislature would forbid all interments 
in its churches and burial grounds. In this view, general 




KENSALL GREEN CEMETERY. 



100 GENERAL CEMETERIES. 

cemeteries in the neighbourhood of the metropolis had 
long been much wanting. At length an establishment of 
this nature has been formed at Kensall Green, about one 
mile and a half from Paddington church, on the road to 
Harrow. It is known by the name of the "General 
Cemetery," and encloses an area of nearly fifty acres. 
It is surrounded by an enclosure, consisting of a lofty 
wall, with occasional apertures, secured by iron railing of 
an equal height, to admit extensive views of the country, 
extending to the Surrey hills, over the rich and varied 
scenery of the western environs of the metropolis. This 
area is laid out as a sepulchral garden, after the manner 
of the celebrated cemetery of Pere la Chaise, near Paris, 
with gravel roads, sufficiently wide for carriages, and 
planted with forest trees, evergreen, and other shrubs and 
flowers. 

One portion of the ground on the western side has 
been consecrated by the Bishop of London, and a chapel 
erected thereon from the designs of Mr. Griffith, for the 
performance of the burial service, according to the rites 
and ceremonies of the church of England. Under and 
adjoining this is an extensive range of catacombs, capable 
of containing 10,000 coffins. The space thus occupied is 
bounded on three sides by a handsome colonnade, for the 
reception of tablets and other sculptured monuments. 
Along part of the boundary wall is another series of cata- 
combs, calculated to contain 2000 coffins, and surmounted 
by a handsome colonnade of Greek architecture. 

The other portion of the cemetery is appropriated for 
the interment of persons whose friends object to the ser- 
vice of the established church, where any minister or other 
person may officiate, and any burial service may be per- 
formed. In this part also is a chapel, with a colonnade 
and catacombs capable of extension. 

Offices of the Company, 95, Great Russell street, 
Bloomsbury. 

The success of the Kensall Green Cemetery has been 
such as to lead to several other undertakings, similar in 
their nature and principle. The first in order of these, 



AMUSEMENTS, 



101 







entitled the North London Cemetery, containing twenty 
acres, is deserving of attention. The extensive grounds 
allotted to this establishment are almost on the brow of 
the hill, near the new church, on the approach to High- 
gate. Another, now open, belonging to the same com- 
pany, is situated at Nun Head Hill, between Peckham 
Rye and the Kent Road. 

Amongst the other projects of this nature, may be 
mentioned the South Metropolitan, at Norwood; the 
West of London and Westminster Cemetery, Earl's Court, 
Brompton; Abney Park Cemetery, Stoke Newington; 
and the City of London and Tower Hamlets Cemetery, 
South Grove, Mile End — are open daily from eight o'clock 
till sunset ; on Sundays after the morning service. 



AMUSEMENTS, 



So far as the mass of the people is concerned, the amuse- 
ments of this vast metropolis are less varied than in many 
continental towns of not more than one-tenth of its im» 



102 AMUSEMENTS. 

portance in point of magnitude and population. Their 
quality, however, may be considered as furnishing some 
compensation for the smallness of their number, as they 
are in most cases on a scale of splendour unequalled 
throughout Europe. The greater part of these amuse- 
ments are intellectual, the frivolous being few in number, 
and confined to the lower order. Foreigners are apt to 
condemn London for its dulness in comparison with some 
continental cities, and not without foundation. Abroad, 
men frequently appear to make pleasure their business, 
while here business seems the reigning pleasure. Domes- 
tic and social intercourse constitute a great source of 
London enjoyment, which strangers have not always an 
opportunity of witnessing ; but when seen and partici- 
pated, they invariably draw forth their admiration. 

London amusements consist of balls, operas, masque- 
rades, theatres, concerts, exhibitions of arts and natural 
history ; and, to a considerable extent, of private parties, 
where music, dancing, cards, and conversation, agreeably 
engage their respective votaries. In addition to these 
more refined amusements, are diversions more imme- 
diately confined to the people of this country, such as 
horse-racing and hunting. Cock-fighting, though still 
occasionally resorted to, is gradually disappearing from 
our sports ; tennis, fives, billiards, cricket, sailing, rowing, 
and archery, are favourite recreations. 

THE QUEEN'S THEATRE, OR ITALIAN OPERA, 
Haymarket, is the most fashionable evening resort of 
our nobility and gentry. The performances consist of an 
Italian opera, followed by a ballet, in which the highest 
musical talent in Europe, and the most exquisite taste in 
dancing, are exhibited. 

The edifice, which took its present appearance in 1820, 
from a design by Messrs. Nash and Repton, stands nearly 
alone, and surrounded on all sides by a covered colon- 
nade, supported by cast-iron pillars, of the Doric order. 
The front is adorned with a long entablature, representing 
the origin and progress of music, in alti rilievo, by Mr. 



queen's theatre. 



103 




Bubb. The interior, by Novosielski, is magnificent, and 
falls very little short in dimensions of the celebrated La 
Scala, at Milan, being calculated to receive from 2500 to 
3000 ' persons. There are five tiers of boxes, each box 
having a curtain before it, in the fashion of the theatre of 
San Carlos, at Naples. The boxes are let for the season 
to persons of rank and fashion. Each subscriber to a box 
receives ivory tickets, which may be sold on evenings 
when the subscriber does not wish to attend. When thus 
sold, the purchasers are admissible either to the box to 
which the tickets belong, or the pit. Persons attending 
the pit are expected to appear full dressed; that is, frock 
coats, coloured trowsers, &c, are not admissible. 

The season commences in February, and continues till 
August, the usual nights of performance being Tuesdays, 
Thursdays, and Saturdays. The doors are opened at half- 
past seven o'clock, the performance commences at eight, 
and half an hour earlier on Saturdays. 

The prices of admission at the doors are half a guinea 
to the pit ; stalls, in front of the pit, twenty-one shillings ; 
gallery, three shillings and sixpence ; stalls in front of the 
gallery, five shillings. Boxes may be engaged by the 



104 



DRURY LANE THEATRE. 



season or night of many respectable booksellers at the 
west end of the town, of whom may be had pit tickets at 
eight shillings and sixpence. 

At most of the metropolitan theatres, places may be 
secured at their respective box offices ; a shilling being 
paid as a fee to the box-keeper for entering the name of 
the party, and the place is retained till the end of the first 
act. Single personal admissions, not transferable, admit- 
ting to all parts of the house, may be had at the theatres 
for a season. 

DRURY LANE THEATRE, 




Brydges street. The first theatre upon this spot was 
the celebrated cock-pit, wherein Sir William Davenant's 
company performed from 1658 till the restoration of 
Charles II., when he removed to his new theatre in Lin- 
coln's inn fields. It was destroyed by fire in 16/2; re- 
built in 1674 by Sir Christopher Wren ; pulled down in 
1791 ; rebuilt in 1794 by Mr. Holland; again destroyed 
by fire on Feb. 24, 1809 ; and re-erected, as it now stands, 
in 1812, by Mr. Benjamin Wyatt. It is a substantial edi- 
fice, with a portico in front, supported by pilasters and 
surmounted by a figure of Shakspeare. Under the por- 



COVENT GARDEN THEATRE. 105 

tico is the principal entrance to the boxes, within which 
is a beautiful statue of Shakspeare ; and two others of 
Garrick and Kean, the great histrionic illustrators of the 
bard. 

The audience part of the house is in the form of a 
horse-shoe. There are three tiers of boxes, besides pri- 
vate boxes, which, with the pit and two galleries, contain 
nearly 2/00 persons ; the pit has been lately enlarged and 
divided into stalls, each being numbered. The interior, 
designed by Mr. S. Beazley, is rich and tasteful, and im- 
parts a light and attractive appearance to the whole. 

The plays of Shakspeare and of our elder dramatists, as 
well as the best pieces of our living authors, operas, farces, 
and more showy dramatic representations, are ably per- 
formed; a very successful introduction of instrumental 
concerts and promenades have occasionally taken place 
here. 

A spacious saloon communicates with the box lobbies, 
and forms a promenade, under regulations which have 
been long wanting, to enable families to frequent it. There 
are rooms for coffee and other refreshments. 

Prices of admission — boxes, five shillings; pit, three 
shillings ; lower gallery, one shilling and sixpence ; upper 
gallery, one shilling. Opens at half-past six, commences 
at seven o'clock. Half price at nine o'clock — boxes, two 
shillings and sixpence ; pit, two shillings ; lower gallery, 
one shilling; upper gallery, sixpence. Places for the 
boxes may be taken at the theatre from ten till four. 

COVENT GARDEN THEATRE, 

Bow street. The first stone of this magnificent struc- 
ture was laid Dec. 31, 1808, and the building was rapidly 
constructed under the superintendence of Mr. (now Sir 
Robert) Smirke, and opened on the 18th September, 
1809, less than nine months from its commencement. 
Considerable merit is due to the architect for the taste 
and grandeur displayed in this noble theatre. The portico 
is taken from the temple of Minerva, situated on the 
Acropolis at Athens. It consists of four fluted columns, 



106 COVENT GARDEN THEATRE;. 







supporting a pediment, elevated on a flight of steps, which 
leads to the entrance of the boxes. Over the windows, 
on each side of the portico, are bassi relievi, emblematical 
of the ancient and modern drama. The north represents 
the ancient drama : in the centre sit three Greek dramatic 
poets, Aristophanes, Menander, and iEschylus, attended 
by the Muses, Hours, and Seasons, and under the inspi- 
ration of Minerva. Bacchus stands leaning on his fauns ; 
and behind Minerva is Melpomene, followed by the Furies 
in pursuit of Orestes, who supplicates the protection of 
Apollo. The basso relievo to the south represents the 
modern drama. Shakspeare, seated in the centre, appears 
summoning before him the airy characters of the Tem- 
pest — Caliban, Ferdinand, Miranda, Prospero, and Ariel : 
this part is terminated by Hecate, attended by Macbeth 
and Lady Macbeth, followed by Remorse. Behind Shak- 
speare sits Milton, with his Samson Agonistes in chains 
at his feet ; and before him appear the characters of Co- 
mus, with their respective attributes. 

To the right and left of the grand portico are niches, 
containing statues of Tragedy and Comedy, by Flaxman. 
On each side of the grand entrance, leading to the ante- 



HAYMARKET — PRINCESS'S THEATRES. 107 

room, is a number of Ionic columns, between which are 
suspended Grecian lamps, which give a beautiful effect to 
the whole. In the ante-room is a statue of Shakspeare. 
The interior is ornamented with emblematical devices : 
it consists of three tiers of boxes, a spacious pit, and one 
gallery; commanding an admirable view of the stage 
throughout. 

This is also a winter patent theatre. The company is 
selected from the first talent of the day ; and the perform- 
ances consist of the best dramatic productions of all ages. 
Doors open at half-past six ; performance commences at 
seven o'clock ; half-price at nine. 

The prices of admission are — To the dress boxes, 
seven shillings ; half-price, three shillings and sixpence ; 
first and second circles, five shillings; half-price, two shil- 
lings and sixpence ; pit, three shillings ; half-price, two 
shillings ; gallery, one shilling. 

Places for the boxes may be taken at the Box office, 
Hart street, Covent garden, open from ten till four 
o'clock. 

THEATRE ROYAL, HAYMARKET, 

Rebuilt in 1821, from a design by Mr. Nash. It has a 
stately portico, supported by six columns of the Corin- 
thian order, above which are a number of circular win- 
dows. The interior is fitted up with three tiers of boxes, 
a commodious pit, an upper and lower gallery. The 
judicious construction of the house makes it an admirable 
conductor of the voice, so that every line is distinctly 
heard. 

Performances commence at seven o'clock. Boxes, five 
shillings ; pit, three shillings ; gallery, two shillings ; 
upper gallery, one shilling. Half-price commences at 
nine o'clock. Boxes, three shillings ; pit, two shillings ; 
gallery, one shilling; upper gallery, sixpence. 

PRINCESS'S THEATRE, 

Oxford street, opposite the Pantheon, formerly the 
Queen's Bazaar. It is open for the performance of ope- 
ras, ballets, musical and other dramatic entertainments. 
The construction is from the design of T. M. Nelson, 



108 ENGLISH OPERA HOUSE- 

Esq., architect ; it is capable of containing upwards of 200 1 
persons. There are twenty-six splendid private boxes 
the pit has backs and covered seats ; the boxes are fur 
nished with handsome chairs, and lined throughout witl 
chintz. It has been let on a long lease to J. M. Maddox 
Esq., under whose direction and management it at presen 
remains ; and for taste, decoration, brilliancy and beauty 
is allowed to be the most elegant and commodious theatr< 
in Europe. 

Doors open at half-past six ; performances commence at 
seven. Dress circle, five shillings; boxes, four shillings 
pit, two shillings ; gallery, one shilling. Half-price at 
nine o'clock. 

THE ENGLISH OPERA HOUSE, 

Wellington Street, North. — Its front elevation is 
on the west side of the new street ; the portico covering 
the footway of the street. This portico forms the entrance 
to the boxes ; the pit entrance is in the Strand ; and that 
of the gallery in Exeter street, at the back of the Strand. 
The interior of this structure is remarkably haudsome and 
compact; and it is very judiciously constructed for the 
conveyance of sound. The balcony, or dress circle oi 
boxes, presents a novel and most pleasing feature. 

Of late seasons Promenade Concerts, and Equestrian 
Performances, have taken place here instead of the regular 
drama, which generally have been well attended. 

THE PRINCE'S THEATRE, 
King street, St. James's, the property of the eminent 
vocalist Braham, was opened on the 14th of December, 
1835. Mr. Beazley, the architect, has displayed great 
taste and judgment in its construction. It has been taken 
by Mr. Mitchell, of Old Bond street, upon a lease for a 
term of years, who having had it entirely redecorated, has 
opened it with one of the best selected companies for the 
performance of French comedies and vaudevilles, that 
have appeared in London for many years. Admission — 
Boxes, six shillings ; pit, three shillings and sixpence ; 
gallery stalls, three shillings; gallery, two shillings. Doors 
open at seven; performance commences at half-past seven. 



THEATRES. 109 

THE ADELPHI THEATRE, 
Strand, is licensed by the Lord Chamberlain for the per- 
formance of burlettas, ballets, and pantomimes. This is 
a very favourite resort of the laughter-loving gentry dur- 
ing the winter and spring season. Most of the pieces 
represented here are written expressly for this theatre, 
and well supported by a judicious choice of comic votaries. 
The alterations in the front of this theatre have greatly 
added to its improvement ; its architectural appearance is 
striking, and the design good. The corridor has a pleas- 
ing effect. The interior is handsomely decorated. This 
is one of the most fashionably attended of the minor 
theatres. It opens half-past six, and commences at seven 
o'clock. Boxes, four shillings ;, pit, two shillings ; gal- 
lery, one shilling. Half-price at nine o'clock. 

ROYAL CITY OF LONDON THEATRE, 
Is situated on the western side of Norton Folgate, Bishops- 
gate. The stage is of ample size, and much convenience. 
The interior with two tiers of boxes, a good pit, and one 
gallery, is very commodious. Suspended from the centre 
of the dome-formed ceiling, is a chastely designed chan- 
delier, in imitation of porcelain. 

The company, as well as the pieces hitherto produced, 
promises well in all its departments. The performances 
begin at half-past six. Boxes, two shillings ; pit, one shil- 
ling; gallery, sixpence. Half-price, boxes only, one shilling. 

SURREY THEATRE, 
Blackfriars Road, formerly devoted to equestrian 
exhibitions, under the name of the Royal Circus, was 
burned down in 1805. The present theatre, designed by 
Signor Cabanel, rose shortly after on the site of the 
former. Though originally confined to the summer 
months, this theatre is now open throughout the year, 
under the present manager, who has restored it to its 
wonted popularity, though in a somewhat different style. 
The performances commence at half-past six. Boxes, 
two shillings ; pit, one shilling ; gallery, sixpence. Half- 
price to the boxes only, at half-past eight o'clock. 

L 



110 THEATRES. 

BATTY'S NEW AMPHITHEATRE, 

(late astley's), 

Westminster bridge road. Erected from a model 
made by Mr. R. Usher, clown of the late Astley's Amphi- 
theatre, and under whose superintendence the whole has 
been built. By great skill he has effected a full view of 
the stage and circle from every part of the house, and the 
comfort and accommodation of the public have been made 
his study throughout the undertaking. From the ceiling is 
suspended a magnificent crystal and gold chandelier. The 
arena for equestrian performance is 126 feet in circum- 
ference, and the theatre is calculated to accommodate 4000 
persons. The proscenium represents a grand triumphal 
arch ; the extent of stage is 51 feet deep by 101 feet 
wide, and is capable of displaying the most splendid 
equestrian spectacles. 

Doors open at six o'clock; performances begin at half- 
past six. Boxes, dress circle, four shillings; second 
circle, three shillings; pit, two shillings; gallery, one 
shilling ; upper gallery, sixpence. Half-price at half-past 

eight o'clock. 

THE QUEEN'S THEATRE, 

Tottenham street, was originally built for the per- 
formance of concerts : it has, however, for some years 
past been classed with the minor theatres. This little 
theatre has experienced more vicissitudes, perhaps, than 
any other of the minors. The excellent situation in 
which it stands ought to ensure it a genteel and fashion- 
able audience, under the influence of good management. 

This theatre is generally open throughout the year. 
The performance commences a quarter before seven. 
Boxes, two shillings ; pit, one shilling ; gallery, sixpence. 

THE ROYAL OLYMPIC THEATRE, 
Wych street, Drury lane. Preceding the commence- 
ment of the season of 1837, the interior of the house was 
remodelled, and richly and most tastefully decorated, 
much in the style of the Prince's theatre. From the 
centre of the ceiling is suspended a beautiful chandelier. 
The entertainments, light, musical, and elegant in charac- 



THEATRES. Ill 

ter, are generally over at an earlier hour than those of the 
other theatres, no slight recommendation to many. Doors 
open at half-past six ; performance commences at seven. 
Boxes, three shillings ; half-price, one shilling and six- 
pence ; pit, one shilling and sixpence ; half-price, one 
shilling ; gallery, sixpence. Second price at nine o'clock. 

STRAND THEATRE, 
Nearly opposite Newcastle street. The performances 
are attractive, consisting of burlettas and ballets, which 
are chiefly written for this theatre; and occasionally other 
exhibitions are to be seen here. 

THE ROYAL VICTORIA THEATRE, 
In the Waterloo road, designed by Signor Cabanel. It 
is of an oblong form, and well adapted for dramatic re- 
presentations. The performances are of the class usually 
presented at the minor theatres. It is open, at intervals, 
throughout the year. Doors open at half-past five ; per- 
formance commences at half-past six. Boxes, two shillings ; 
pit, one shilling; gallery, sixpence. Half-price, boxes 
only, one shilling. 

SADLER'S WELLS, 

St. John's street road, open with little intermission, 
throughout the year, presents a variety of minor enter- 
tainments, at times treating its visitors with a succession 
of Shakspearian and other dramas. Comic pantomimes 
are a species of entertainment for which this house has 
always been celebrated. It is open at half-past five, and 
commences at half-past six; boxes, two shillings ; pit, one 
shilling ; gallery, sixpence. 

MARY-LE-BONE THEATRE, 

Church street, Paddington. One of the most com- 
modious and complete minor theatres in London, calcu- 
lated to hold 2300 persons. The performances are of a 
pleasing and entertaining description, and the characters 
ably supported. The house is fitted up with three tiers 
of public and private boxes. From the ceiling, which is 
of the most elaborate description, is suspended a brilliant 
or-molu chandelier. Doors open at six o'clock; per- 
formance begins at half-past six. Dress boxes, four and 



112 CHINESE EXHIBITION. 

three shillings ; public boxes, two shillings ; pit, one 
shilling ; gallery, sixpence. 

THE ROYAL PAVILION THEATRE, 

Whitechapel road, is a neat theatre at the eastern 
extreme of the metropolis; and, being subject to little 
competition, it has proved a successful speculation. The 
entertainments are much varied ; for, though under the 
same restrictions as other minor theatres, it is less liable 
to obstruction in consequence of its great distance from 
the patents. The performance commences at half-past six ; 
boxes, two shillings ; pit, one shilling ; gallery, sixpence. 

THE CARRICK THEATRE, 
Leman street, Goodman's fields. The interior, on a 
small scale, is exceedingly pretty ; the audience part is 
easy and convenient ; the embellishments are heightened 
in effect by the light issuing from five lustres, suspended 
round the front of the house. Over the proscenium is a 
well executed painting, representing Garrick between the 
comic and tragic muses — copied from Sir Joshua Rey- 
nolds' well known picture. Doors open at six ; perform- 
ance commences at half-past six; boxes, one shilling; 
pit and gallery, sixpence. No half-price. 

THE APOLLONICON, 

101, St. Martin's lane, a curious musical instrument, 
invented and constructed by Messrs. Flight and Robson, 
now the property of Robson and Son. By a self-acting 
power, it performs any piece of music which may be 
arranged for it, with an effect equal to an orchestra. Six 
persons can perform on it at the same time. The won- 
derful power of this performance cannot be conceived 
without being witnessed. The performances are every 
Saturday at two o'clock ; admission, one shilling. 

THE CHINESE COLLECTION 
Is situated in St. George's place, Hyde Park corner. The 
exterior of the entrance to the building is in the style of 
Chinese architecture, taken from a model of a summer 
residence now in the collection. The apartment occupied 
by the collection is 225 feet in length, by 50 in width, 
with lofty ceilings, supported with numerous pillars. On 



CONCERT ROOMS. 113 

passing through the vestibule, the visitor finds himself, as 
it were, transported to a new world. It is China in minia- 
ture. The view is imposing in the highest degree. 

The rich screen work, elaborately carved and gilt, at 
either end of the saloon ; the many shaped and varied 
coloured lanterns suspended through the entire ceiling; 
the native paintings which cover the walls ; the Chinese 
maxims adorning the columns and entablatures; the 
embroidered silks, gay with a hundred colours, and taste- 
fully displayed above the cases containing the figures ; and 
the multitude of smaller cases crowded with rare and in- 
teresting objects, form a tout ensemble, possessing beauty 
entirely its own, and which must be seen by the visitor 
before it can be realized. Admittance, two shillings and 
sixpence ; children, one shilling. 

During the fashionable season, from November to June, 
morning and evening concerts, balls and masquerades, 
are frequently given through town at the various public 
rooms; they are previously announced, as to time and 
place, in the public papers. The prices vary from ^\e 
shillings to a guinea. 

WILLIS'S ROOMS, 
King street, St. James's, are the most fashionable 
seat of this style of entertainment. Here are given the 
weekly balls known by the name of Almacks, under the 
patronage and management of several ladies of distinction. 
To gain admittance it is necessary that the name of the 
visitor should be inserted in one of these ladies' books, for 
the purpose of canvassing, so that the company may be as 
select as strict regulations can make it. 

THE QUEEN'S CONCERT ROOMS, 
Hanover square. The concerts of the Philharmonic 
Society, and of the Ancient Concerts, are held here. The 
grand concert room, which is 90 feet by 35 feet, and 
capable of containing about 800 persons, has been beauti- 
fully decorated ; the panels between the pilasters are filled 
with handsome plates of looking glass ; the panels of the 

l2 



114 TEA GARDENS. 

ceiling with paintings by Cipriani, The orchestra, at the 
west end of the room, has a fine organ ; and the royal box, 
at the opposite end, is hung with crimson, and contains 
the portraits of eminent musical composers. — When not 
thus engaged, the rooms are let for private concerts, fancy 
bazaars, balls, lectures, &c. 

THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF MUSIC, 
Tenterden street, Hanover square, incorporated 
by royal charter. All branches of music are taught in the 
academy. The particular branch for which the students 
enter is at their choice ; and all the students will receive 
instruction in harmony. 

THE CONCERT ROOM, 
Queen's theatre, admirably adapted to the purpose, is 
also a fashionable scene for the display of musical abilities. 
This species of entertainment varying so much in kind, 
and so uncertain as to time, does not admit of our fixing 
any precise rules for the guidance of strangers. Publicity 
is invariably given. 

TEA GARDENS 
Are places of summer recreation much frequented by the 
middle classes of both sexes, particularly on Sunday after- 
noons and evenings. They consist of large gardens, well 
laid out in walks and parterres, and containing cool and 
shady harbours, fitted up with tables and seats, wherein 
parties are accommodated with tea, coffee, and other re- 
freshments. These gardens are generally attached to 
houses regularly licensed as taverns. Situated at the 
extreme points of London, they afford an agreeable walk 
to families whom business engages during the week 
within the close, compacted parts of the metropolis, and 
approximate to that species of Sunday rural recreations 
for which the Parisian middle classes are celebrated. 
The amusements are innocent, the indulgence temperate, 
and a suitable mixture of female society renders it gay and 
pleasing. Such of these gardens as are frequented during 
the evenings of the week, have large rooms for vocal and 
instrumental music, affording entertainment to visitors 
while indulging in their social refreshments. 



BRITISH MUSEUM. 



115 




THE BRITISH MUSEUM, 

Great Russell street, Bloomsbury. This great 
and useful national institution owes its rise to the libe- 
rality of Sir Hans Sloane, who is therefore deservedly 
considered as its founder. The bequest which he made 
upon certain conditions, of his museum to the nation, 
first gave rise to a public receptacle for the wonders of 
art and nature, where the liberal antiquary or naturalist, 
after years of delight spent in acquiring, might deposit his 
fancy's idol, and secure the reward of public gratitude. 
Sir Hans Sloane died in 1753, and Parliament imme- 
diately acceded to the conditions of his will, and vested 
the museum in a corporation of trustees. Shortly after- 
wards was purchased for its reception one of the most 
spacious mansions in the metropolis; built about the year 
1680, by Ralph, first Duke of Montagu. 

In addition to the collections of Sir Hans Sloane, which 
had cost him ^50,000, but for which the nation paid no 
more than ^20,000, Parliament, by the original act of 
incorporation, vested in the same trustees, the valuable 
library of manuscripts collected by Sir Robert Cotton, a 
small collection of English, French, and Italian books, 
formed by Major Arthur Edwards, and the numerous 
and valuable library of manuscripts formed by Edward 



116 BRITISH MUSEUM. 

Harley, Earl of Oxford. The new museum was first 
opened for public inspection, on the 15th of January, 1579. 
It has since been considerably increased by donations 
and purchases ; and stands an unrivalled monument of 
our nation's taste and extent of influence. The library 
is now an extensive, valuable, and curious collection of 
books, pamphlets, and manuscripts. In addition it 
comprises 

The important library of printed books and MSS., gradually collected 

by the Sovereigns of these realms, from Henry VII. 
The Hargrave collection of ancient law books and MSS. 
The MSS. of the late Marquis of Lansdowne. 
Mr. Halhed's oriental MSS. 

Dr. Burney's library of books and MSS., which cost ^13,500. 
The Maddox collection of MSS. 
The library of Dr. Birch, who also bequeathed the annual dividends of 

^522. 18*. 
Mr. T. Tyrwhitt's select library of the classics. 
Sir W. Musgrave's collection of books and MSS. 
The munificent donation of books and prints, by the Rev. Mr. Crache- 

rode, who also bequeathed a select collection of coins, medals, 

minerals, and gems. 
Sir Joseph Bankes's extensive library of books on Natural History. 
A Collection of pamphlets published from the breaking out of the civil 

war under Charles I. to the Restoration, presented by George II. 
The extensive, well selected and valuable library formed by George III. 

consisting of 65,000 volumes, presented by George IV. in 1823. 
A large collection of books, chiefly Italian, presented by Sir R. Colt 

Hoare. 

The library has been further increased by numerous 
other purchases and bequests, and by the books received 
in virtue of the Copyright Act, which obliges all persons 
to deposit in it a copy of every book published by them, 
within the British dominions. It now contains not less 
than 300,000 volumes, being probably the most valuable 
collection in the world. 

On entering the gate of the Museum from Great 
Russell street, a quadrangle presents itself, with an Ionic 
colonnade on the south side, and the main building on the 
north ; the side buildings being allotted for the dwellings 
of the officers. 

The house itself measures two hundred and sixteen feet 
in length. The architect, Peter Puget, a native of Mar- 
seilles, and an artist of the first eminence in his time, was 



BRITISH MUSEUM. 117 

sent over from Paris by Ralph, first Duke of Montagu, for 
the sole purpose of constructing this splendid mansion. 

In the eastern wing of these new buildings, on the 
ground floor, is deposited the collections of MSS. and the 
Royal Library ; in the northern wing, the General Library 
of Printed Books. The whole range of rooms on this 
floor allotted to Books and MSS., is not less than 900 
feet in length. On the upper floor of the east wing are 
arranged the collections of botany, of mammalia, birds, and 
shells; on that of the north wing the fishes, reptiles, 
mollusca, and corallines, with a few Crustacea and insects. 
In a series of rooms on the same floor, and parallel to 
those containing the fishes, &c, are deposited the very 
splendid collections of minerals and of fossil organic 
remains, occupying galleries 400 feet in length. 

The west wing is assigned to the collection of antiquities. 
On the upper floor are exhibited the smaller Egyptian an- 
tiquities, comprising the mummies, coffins, idols, house- 
hold furniture, objects of dress and the toilet, vases, bronzes, 
implements of husbandry and the arts, baskets, playthings, 
&c, and in rooms further to the south are deposited the 
Terra Cotta Vases, in considerable number and variety from 
Etruria, Magna Graecia, Attica, and other parts of Greece 
or its colonies, and in addition to these, a portion of the 
Greek and Roman bronzes. The lower floor of the west 
wing contains the collections of statuary. Beginning from 
the north, the visitor will observe disposed in order the 
Egyptian statues, sarcophagi, and tablets, antiquities from 
Persepolis, Etruscan sarcophagi, the Phigaleian marbles, 
casts of those found at iEgina, and, in a fine gallery 
appropriated to it, the collection of exquisitely beautiful 
and precious marbles brought from Athens by the Earl of 
Elgin. Returning from this gallery the visitor finds in 
the saloon containing the Phigaleian and Elgin etan 
marbles, a large collection of freizes, pediments, and other 
architectural statuary, some of great antiquity, recently 
brought from Xanthus in the ancient Lycia. He then 
passes on to the collection of Roman cinerary urns 
deposited for the present in a recess of the ante-room ; 
and in a temporary passage beyond, several miscellaneous 



118 THE UNITED SERVICE INSTITUTION. 

antiquities from Mexico, the East Indies, and China. 
This passage conducts into the Townley Gallery, contain- 
ing a large and valuable collection of Greek and Roman 
sculptures. In a room attached to this gallery is also 
deposited a large collection of architectural casts ; and in 
rooms on the upper floor, the celebrated Barberini or 
Portland Vase, with a considerable collection of bronzes, 
objects in terra cotta, glass, and the precious metals, 
being the smaller Greek and Roman antiquities. 

According to the existing regulations, first issued in the 
spring of 1837, the Museum is open for general inspec- 
tion on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, from ten to 
four, from September 7 to May 1 ; and from ten to seven, 
from May 7 to September 1. The Museum is closed 
between the 1st and 7th of January ; the 1st and 7th of 
May; the 1st and 7th of September; and on Ash Wed- 
nesday, Good Friday, Christmas day, and all special fast 
and thanksgiving days. 

The reading rooms are now open every day, except on 
Sundays, on Ash Wednesday, Good Friday, Christmas 
day, and general fast and thanksgiving days ; also, be- 
tween the 1st and 7th of January, the 1st and 7th of May, 
and the 1st and 7th of September. The hours are from 
10 till 7, during May, June, July, and August ; and from 
1 till 4 during the rest of the year. They are not open 
to the public generally. Persons desirous of admittance 
must forward their name, rank, and profession, to the 
principal librarian, accompanied by the recommendation 
of one of the trustees or officers, when permission is 
usually granted to frequent it for six months, at the end 
of which time the ticket is renewed for a similar period, 
if no abuse be made of the privilege. 

Persons visiting the Museum inscribe their names and 
residence in a book kept for that purpose. The number 
of visitors during last year was 547,718. Descriptive 
catalogues, Is. 

THE UNITED SERVICE INSTITUTION, 
In Middle Scotland yard, Whitehall place, was founded 
as a central repository for objects of art, science, and 



SIR JOHN SOANE'S MUSEUM. 119 

natural history; for books and documents relative to 
those studies; and for general information connected 
with the naval and military services of the empire. Her 
Majesty and Prince Albert are the patrons ; the Duke of 
Wellington is vice patron. A member's annual subscrip- 
tion is 10s. ; and a single payment of ,£6. constitutes a 
member for life. The number of members are 4141 ; of 
whom 798 are life subscribers. The library and museum 
are already very extensive in their collections ; and philo- 
sophical lectures are occasionally delivered in the rooms, 
some by the most distinguished professional men of the 
day. Visitors are admissible by a member's order. The 
number of visitors admitted within the last year, was 
21,550. 

ROYAL ADELAIDE GALLERY. 
This institution was originally formed by a party of 
scientific gentlemen for the purpose of affording the 
means of intellectual recreation and scientific improve- 
ment ; it contains upwards of three thousand models of 
machinery, steam boats, sculptures, paintings by the old 
masters, and modern artists. 

It is worthy of remark, that this institution was the 
first of the kind, and consequently has the peculiar merit 
of being the parent of a number of institutions of a similar 
tendency throughout the kingdom. Every facility is 
afforded to parties interested in the investigation of any 
branch of natural philosophy, either in the form of advice 
or practical illustration. The morning exhibition is ex- 
clusively scientific ; the evening exhibition is of an enter- 
taining as well as of an instructive character. Open 
from 1 1 in the morning to 5 o'clock in the afternoon, and 
from 7 to 10 o'clock in the evening. Admittance, one 
shilling; catalogue, sixpence. 

SIR JOHN SOANE'S MUSEUM, 
13, Lincoln's Inn Fields. — To the admirer of archi- 
tectural and other antiquities, relics of ancient art, models, 
natural and artificial curiosities, fine paintings, &c, this 
museum will be found highly interesting; it was be- 
queathed to the nation by the late Sir John Soane, R.A. 



120 THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. 

Here, in particular, is a celebrated Egyptian sarcophagus, 
of alabaster, covered with hieroglyphics, and ascertained 
to be about 3400 years old. There are also some excel- 
lent paintings by Canaletti, a few original Hogarths, and 
many designs by Sir John Soane. It is open to the public 
on Thursdays and Fridays, during the months of April, 
May, and June, when tickets of admission may be obtained 
on application at the museum. Foreigners may obtain 
admission at other times, by special application to the 
curator, G. Bailey, Esq., at the museum. 

ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION, 
309, Regent street, for the advancement of the arts 
and practical science, and other branches of industry. In 
the hall of manufactures are to be seen in operation the 
most interesting works. A public laboratory. In the 
theatre new and varied lectures are given daily, which in- 
clude all the most recent scientific discoveries. Amongst 
the other exhibitions are to be seen an oxy-hydrogen 
microscope, the largest ever constructed ; the science of 
Electricity is demonstrated by a colossal electrical ma- 
chine ; a dissolving orrery, dissolving views, &c. In the 
great hall there is a surface of 700 feet of water, and a 
diving bell, with air pumps, for four or five persons to 
descend with comfort ; and other objects worthy of notice. 
Open daily from half-past ten to half-past five ; in the 
evening, from seven till half-past ten o'clock. Admission, 
one shilling each. Catalogue, one shilling. 

the missionary museum, 
Blomfield street, Moorfields, contains a numerous 
collection of idols, and other appendages of heathen wor- 
ship and ceremonies, of the various regions to which the 
influence of the Missionary Society extends. It is open 
from ten to dusk daily. Admission by tickets, to be had 
at the museum. 

THE ZOOLOCICAL GARDENS, 
At the north-east part of the Regent's park, form at this 
time one of the most rational and attractive objects of 



SURREY ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. 12l 

curiosity which London contains. The collection of wild 
and domestic quadrupeds, birds, &c, is very numerous, 
and comprises many curious specimens of the animal 
kingdom not to be met with elsewhere. The animals are 
here placed in circumstances approximating as closely as 
possible to their natural habits and manners. The gar- 
dens are in themselves an object of attraction, from their 
situation and style of arrangement, and promise to rival 
the fame of the Jardin des Plantes, at Paris. 

The gardens are open from ten in the morning till sun- 
set, Sundays excepted, when they are open to members 
only. Admittance free, when introduced by a member 
personally, or one shilling for each person unintroduced. 
Parties visiting these gardens must provide themselves 
with a member's order, which may be had of Mr. Cruchley, 
Map seller, 81, Fleet street. 

SURREY ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. 
This delightful promenade was first opened to the pub- 
lic in August, 1831, under the immediate patronage of her 
Majesty, Queen Adelaide ; and so great has been the progress 
made in forming the vast collection of animals, and the 
erection of suitable buildings, enclosures, and paddocks, 
for their accommodation, that at this time it stands an 
almost unrivalled resort of the public, combining one of 
the most amusing and instructive recreations in this great 
metropolis. It is upwards of fifteen acres in extent, with 
a fine natural piece of water, of nearly three acres, sur- 
rounded with large standard trees, of beautiful foliage and 
growth. On the borders of this lake is generally a mag- 
nificent and interesting exhibition, accompanied with fire- 
works, which renders the gardens very attractive. The 
buildings are upon a most extensive and novel construc- 
tion ; that for the collection of carnivorous animals is a 
circular glazed cupola of 300 feet in circumference, pre- 
senting the largest continued surface of glass in the king- 
dom. A smaller building contains the monkey tribe. 
Here is a large rustic building and- paddock for the ele- 
phant ; a semi-circular enclosure, with a raised terrace, 

M 



122 NATIONAL GALLERY. 

commanding a most extensive view of the gardens, for 
bears ; with various aviaries, paddocks, &c, for the differ- 
ent species of birds and quadrupeds. Many additions 
have been made to the previously unrivalled menagerie. 
These gardens have met with the most encouraging pa- 
tronage and support ; and include, among the numerous 
subscribers, a distinguished list of the nobility and gentry. 
The most favourable time for viewing this superb collec- 
tion of animals is during the feeding, at four or five in 
the afternoon ; at which time the tremendous powers of 
those rapacious creatures are fully displayed ; and we con- 
fidently recommend to our readers a visit to this interest- 
ing exhibition. 

Independently of the zoological exhibition, morning 
fetes, with balloon ascents, flower shows, &c, are fre- 
quently given at these gardens. Admission is obtained 
by the orders of subscribers, on the payment of one shil- 
ling each person. 

Orders may be had of Mr. Cruchley, map seller and 
publisher, 81, Fleet street. 

ITINERANT MENAGERIE. 

On the Surrey side of Waterloo and South wark bridges, 
a man of the name of Austin frequently takes his stand 
with a cage containing different animals of adverse na- 
tures, living all together, in perfect harmony, in one 
apartment. They generally consist of two cats, a rat, 
several mice, a hawk, a rabbit, a hare, guinea pigs, an 
owl, pigeons, a starling, and a sparrow — creatures which 
in common life are the natural prey of each other, but 
which, in this instance, display the wonderful influence 
produced on animal feeling by judicious training or edu- 
cation. They are exhibited openly to the curious, the re- 
muneration depending on the ability and liberality of the 
passengers. 

NATIONAL GALLERY, 

Trafalgar square, Charing cross. This gallery ori- 
ginated, only a few years since, in the purchase of the 



NATIONAL GALLERY. 



123 




collection of the late Mr. Angerstein, for the sum of 
^40,000. The collection has since been increased both 
by purchase and by the donations of private individuals. 
It includes some of the finest works of Claude, the Pous- 
sins, the Caracci, Correggio, Parmegiano, Rembrandt, 
Rubens, with some gems by Sir Joshua Reynolds, Ho- 
garth, Benjamin West, Sir G. Beaumont, Wilkie, Gains- 
borough, &c. This gallery is open gratis to the public 
the first four days of each week, from ten to four, from 
November to April, and from ten to six, from May to Sep- 
tember, and the whole of Christmas, Easter, and Whit- 
suntide weeks, except Saturday (being closed during Oc- 
tober), and to the private study of artists, under certain 
restrictions, on the other two. Catalogues one shilling. 

The gallery consists of a centre and two wings ; the 
length being 461 feet, and the greatest width 56 feet. It 
occupies nearly the whole of the north side of the square. 
The main feature of the building is the central portico, in 
which have been employed the fine Corinthian columns 
from the portico of Carlton House. 

In order to render the present work, as far as possible, 



124 NATIONAL GALLERY. 

of the greatest utility as a guide to strangers, the subjects 
of the paintings and their artists are inserted. 

1. The Resurrection of Lazarus, Sebastiano del Piombo. — 2. The 
Reconciliation of Cephalus and Procris, Claude (Lorraine) .—3. Ma- 
estro de Capella instructing his Pupils, Titian.— 4. The Holy Family,. 
Titian. — 5. An Italian Sea-port at Sunset, Claude (Lorraine) . — 6. Sinon 
brought Prisoner to Priam, Claude (Lorraine). — 7. A Study of Heads, 
Correggio.— S. Michael Angelo's Dream, M. A. Buonarotti.—Q. Christ 
appearing to Simon Peter, Annibale Caracci. — 10. Mercury instructing 
Cupid in presence of Venus, Annibale Caracci.— 11. St. Jerome, Guido. 
— 12. Rebecca halting with her attendants, awaiting the arrival of 
Isaac to celebrate their marriage, Claude {Lorraine). — 13. The Holy 
Family, Murillo.— 14. The Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba, Claude 
{Lorraine). — 15. The " Ecce Homo," Correggio— \6. St. George de- 
stroying the Dragon, Tintoretto. — 17. The Holy Family, Andrea del 
Sarto. — 18. Christ disputing with the Doctors, Leonardo da Vinci. — 

19. Narcissus viewing himself in the Water, Claude (Lorraine) . — 

20. Cardinal Hippolito de Medici and Sebastiano del Piombo, Sebas- 
tiano del Piombo. — 21. Portrait of a Lady, Bronzino. — 22. A Dead 
Christ, with Angels. Guercino. — 23. The Holy Family, Correggio. — 
24 . Portrait of Giulia Gonzaga, a lady of Florence, Sebastiano del Pi- 
ombo. — 25. St. John in the Wilderness, Annibale Caracci. — 26. The 
Consecration of St. Nicholas, Paulo Veronese. — 27. Portrait of Pope 
Julius II., Raffaelle di Urbano. — 28. Susanna and the Elders, Ludovico 
Caracci. — 29. The Holy Family, Baroccio. — 30. The Embarkation of 
St. Ursula, Claude {Lorraine). — 31. Abraham preparing to Sacrifice 
his son Isaac, Gaspar Poussin.— 32. The Rape of{ Ganymede, Titian. — 
33. The Vision of St. Jerome, Parmegiano. — 34. Venus and Adonis, 
Titian. — 35. Bacchus and Ariadne, Titian. — 36. A Land Storm, Gas- 
par Poussin.— 37. A Study of Heads, Correggio. — 38. The Abduction 
of the Sabine Women, Rubens. — 39. The Nursing of Bacchus, Nicholas 
Poussin. — 40. A Classical Landscape. Phocion, Nicholas Poussin.— 
41. The Death of Peter the Martyr, Georgione. — 42. A Bacchanalian 
Scene. Silenus, Nicholas Poussin. — 43. Christ taken down from the 
Cross, Rembrandt. — 44. Charity, Julio Romano.— 45. The Woman 
taken in Adultery, Rembrandt. — 46. Peace and War. An Allegory, 
Rubens. — 47. The Adoration of the Shepherds, Rembrandt.— 48. Tobias 
and the Angel (a Landscape), Domenichino.— 49. The Portrait of Ru- 
bens, Vandyck. — 50. The Emperor Theodosius refused admittance into 
the Church by St. Ambrose, Vandyck. — 5 1 . Portrait of a Jew Mer- 
chant, Rembrandt. — 52. Portrait of a Gentleman. Gevartius, Van- 
dyck. — 53. A Landscape (Horses, Cattle, and Figures), Cuyp. — 54. A 
Woman Bathing, Rembrandt.— 55. A Landscape, Claude {Lorraine). — 
56. A Landscape, with Figures, Annibale Caracci. — 57. St. Bavon, 
Rubens. — 58. A Landscape (Cattle and Figures), Claude {Lorraine). — 
59. The Brazen Serpent, Rubens.— 60. The Building of the Tower of 
Babel, Leandro Bassano.—6l. A Landscape, with Figures, Claude 
(Lorraine). — 62. A Bacchanalian Dance, Nicholas Poussin. — 63. A 
Landscape (Horsemen and Figures), Annibale Caracci. — 64. A Land- 
scape, Sebastian Bourdon. — 65. Cephalus and Aurora, Nicholas Pous- 
sin.— 66. A Landscape (old Flemish Chateau), Rubens.— 67. The Holy 
Family, Rubens. — 68. A Landscape. A view near Albano, Gaspar 
Poussin.— 69. St. John Preaching, Pietro Francisco Mola.—70. Cor^ 



NATIONAL GALLERY. 125 

nelia and her Children, Paduanino.—7l. A Landscape, John Both.— 
72. A Landscape. Story of Tobias and the Angel, Rembrandt. — 73. 
The Conversion of St. Paul, Ercolede Ferrara.—74. A Spanish Peasant 
Boy, Murillo.—75. A Landscape, Domenichino. — 76. Christ Praying in 
the Garden, Correggio. — 77. The Stoning of Stephen, Domenichino. — 
78. The Holy Family, Sir Joshua Reynolds.— 79. The Graces, Sir Jo- 
shua Reynolds. — 80. The Market Cart, Thomas Gainsborough. — 81. The 
Vision of St. Augustin, Garofalo.— 82. The Holy Family, Mazzolino 
de Ferrara. — 83. Phineus turned to Stone, Nicholas Poussin. — 84. Mer- 
cury and the Woodman, Salvator Rosa. — 85. St. Jerome with the 
Angel, Domenichino. — 86. The Entombment of Christ, Ludovico Ca- 
racci. — 87. Perseus rescuing Andromeda, Guido Rent. — 88. Ermenia 
discovering the Shepherds, Annibale Caracci. — 89. Portraits. Ferdi- 
nand, Duke of Tuscany, and his Wife, Victoria Delia Rovere, Heiress 
of the Dukes of Urbino, Velasquez. — 90. Venus attired by the Graces, 
Guido Rent.— 91 . Sleeping Nymph, with Cupid and Satyrs, Nicholas 
Poussin. — 92. Cupid and Psyche, Alessandro Veronese. — 93. Silenus, 
Annibale Caracci. — 94. Pan teaching Apollo to play on the Pipes, An- 
nibale Caracci.— 9b. Dido and ^Eneas sheltering themselves, Gaspar 
Poussin. — 96. The " Ecce Homo," Ludovico Caracci.— 97. The Rape of 
Europa, Paulo Veronese. — 98. A View of Larici, or L'Aricia, Gaspar 
Poussin.— 99- The Blind Fiddler, Sir David Wilkie.— 100. The Death 
of Lord Chatham, J. S. Copley.— 101, 102, 103, 104. The Four Ages of 
Man, Lancret. — 105. A small Landscape, Sir Geo. Beaumont. — 106. A 
Man's Head, Sir Joshua Reynolds. — 107. The Banished Lord, Sir Jo- 
shua Reynolds. — 108. View of Maecenas' Villa, at Tivoli, Wilson. — 
109. A Landscape, with Cattle and Figures, Gainsborough. — 110. A 
Landscape, representing the Story of Niobe, Wilson. — ill. Lord 
Heathfield, Governor of Gibraltar, Sir Joshua Reynolds. — 112. His own 
Portrait, William Hogarth.— 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118. The "Mar- 
riage a la Mode," William Hogarth. — 11 9. A Landscape, Sir George 
Beaumont. — 120. Portrait of Joseph Nollekens, Sculptor, Sir William 
Beechey. — 121. Cleombrotus ordered into banishment by Leonidas, 
Benjamin West. — 122. The Village Festival, Sir David Wilkie. — 123. 
A Landscape, with Figures, by Moonlight, P ether. — 124. Rev. William 
Holwell Carr, John Jackson. — 125. Portrait of Izaak Walton, James 
Housman. — 126. Pylades and Orestes, B. West. — 127. A View in Ve- 
nice, Antonio Canal Canaletto. — 128. The Right Honourable William 
Windham, Sir Joshua Reynolds. — 129. Portrait of Mr. Angerstein, Sir 
Thomas Lawrence. — 130. A Landscape. The Corn Field, John Con- 
stable. — 131. Christ healing the Sick in the Temple, B. West.— 132. 
The Last Supper, B. West. — 133. Portrait of Mr. Smith, a Comic Actor 
of Drury Lane Theatre, Hoppner. — 134. A Landscape; Buildings and 
Figures, Decker. — 135. Ruins and Figures, Antonio Canal Canaletto. 
— 136. Portrait of a Lady, Sir Thomas Lawrence. — 137. Landscape, 
with Figures, John Van Goyen. — 138. Ancient Ruins, with Figures, 
Paulo Pannini. — 139. Religion attended by the Virtues, Angelica 
Kaufman. — 140. Portrait of a Lady, Vander Heist. — 141. The Palace 
of Dido ; ^Eneas presenting himself before the Queen, Henry Stein- 
wick. — 142. Hamlet apostrophising the Skull, Sir Thomas Lawrence. — 
143. Portrait of Lord Ligonier, Sir Joshua Reynolds. — 144. Portrait of 
Benjamin West, Sir Thomas Lawrence. — 145. A Man's Portrait, Van- 
der Heist. — J46. A Sea-port (Rotterdam), Storck. — 147. Cephalus and 
Aurora. (A Cartoon), Annibale Caracci. — 148. Galatea. (A Cartoon), 

M 2 



126 THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF ARTS. 

Annibale Caracci.— 14Q. A Calm at Sea, W. Vandervelde (the younger), 
— 150. A Fresh Gale at Sea, W. Vandervelde (the younger).— 151 . Leda, 
Pietro Francisco Mola. — 152. A Landscape. Evening", Vander Neer. — 
153. The Cradle, Maes.— 154. A Musical Party, David Teniers.— 155. 
The Misers, David Teniers. — 156. A Study of Horses; the horses of 
Achilles, Xanthus, and Balius, the offspring of Zephyr, Vandyck. — 
15/. A Landscape. Sunset, Rubens.— 458. Dutch Boors regaling, Da- 
vid Teniers.— \5g. A Dutch Housewife, Maes. — 160. The " Riposo," 
Pietro Francisco Mola. — l6l. Italian Landscape, with a Cascade, 
Gaspar Poussin.—l62. The Infant Samuel, Sir Joshua Reynolds. — 
163. A View on the Grand Canal, Venice, Canaletto.— \Gl. The Holy 
Family, Jacob Jordaens. — 165. The Plague at Ashdod, Nicholas Pous- 
sin. — 166. Portrait of a Capuchin Friar, Rembrandt. — 167. The Adora- 
tion of the Kings. (A Drawing), Buldassare Peruzzi. — 168. St. Catha- 
rine (of Alexandria), Raffaelle —\§§ . St. Francis adoring the Infant 
Christ, Mazzolino de Ferrara.— 1/0. The Holy Family with St. John, 
accompanied by Saints and Angels, Garofalo. — 171. Portrait of Sir 
John Soane, Architect, John Jackson. — 172. Christ and his Disciples at 
Emmaus, Caravaggio. — 173. Portrait of a Gentleman, Jacopo Bassano. 
174. Portrait of a Cardinal, Carlo Marratta. — 175. Portrait of John 
Milton, Vander Plaas. — 176. St. John, Murillo. — 177. The Magdalen, 
Guido Reni. — 178. Serena rescued by the Red Cross Knight, Sir 
Calepine, William Hilton. — 179. The Virgin, Infant Saviour, and St. 
John, Francesco Francia. — 180. The Dead Christ, attended by Angels, 
Francesco Francia. — 181. The Virgin with the Infant Jesus, Pietro 
Perugino. — 182. Studies of Angels, Sir Joshua Reynolds. 

THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF ARTS, 

East end of the National Gallery, Trafalgar square, was 
established by royal charter, in 176*8, Sir Joshua Reynolds 
receiving the honour of knighthood on being appointed 
its president. It was instituted for the encouragement of 
painting, sculpture, and architecture, and consists of forty 
members, called royal academicians, and twenty-six asso- 
ciates. Nine of the royal academicians are annually elected 
for the purpose of superintending the studies ; they set 
the figures, examine the works of the students, and im- 
part instruction. Sir M. A. Shee, president. The annual 
exhibition, commencing on the first Monday in May, and 
terminating in July, presents a just specimen of the style 
of the arts in this kingdom. No work is here exhibited 
that has ever publicly appeared before. The number of 
paintings, prints, busts, models, and pieces of sculpture, 
generally amounts to about 1,200 or 1,300. 

Admission, from eight in the morning till dusk, one 
shilling. Catalogues one shilling. 



SOCIETY OF PAINTERS IN WATER COLOURS. 127 

THE BRITISH INSTITUTION, 
52, Pall Mall, was established in 1805, for the encou- 
ragement of native artists, and is liberally supported by 
the nobility and gentry. There are two exhibitions an- 
nually ; one presenting the productions of living artists, 
the other containing pictures of all ages. The former are 
for sale ; and at the close of the exhibition they are deli- 
vered to the respective purchasers. 

The gallery was originally erected by Alderman Boy- 
dell, to exhibit the paintings which had been designed for 
his beautiful edition of Shakspeare. The sculpture in 
front, designed by Banks, represents the immortal bard, 
accompanied by Painting and Poetry. In the hall is a 
colossal figure of Achilles bewailing the loss of Briseis, 
by Banks. Open during the summer months from 10 till 
4 o'clock ; admittance, one shilling ; catalogues, one 
shilling. 

SOCIETY OF BRITISH ARTISTS, 
Suffolk street, an offspring of the Royal Academy, 
in a series of galleries designed by Mr. Elmes, com- 
menced its public exhibitions in 1824, and annually pre- 
sents an interesting display of native talent. It admits 
the works of artists generally, whether members or not ; 
and is open during the months of May, June, July, and 
August. Admittance, one shilling ; catalogues, one 
shilling. 

WATER COLOUR DRAWINGS. 
An exhibition of this nature in Pall Mall East, presents a 
chaste and exquisite display of the softer branches of the 
art. It is much frequented, and affords encouragement 
to those who are gifted to excel in this department. Ad- 
mission, one shilling; catalogues, sixpence. 

NEW SOCIETY OF PAINTERS IN WATER COLOURS, 
53, Pall Mall. — Similar in character to the parent 
society mentioned above, and contains from three hundred 
and fifty to four hundred drawings; open generally in 



128 THE SOCIETY OF ARTS. 

April, May, June, and July, daily, from 9 o'clock till dusk 
Admittance, one shilling ; catalogue, sixpence. 

MUSEUM OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, 
Craig's court, Charing Cross. This establishment i 
under the department of her Majesty's Woods and Forests 
and Sir H. T. de la Beche is charged with its direction 
being assisted by Mr. Richard Phillips as Chemist am 
Curator, and Mr. T. B. Jordan as keeper of the Mining 
Records, and superintendent of the Model department. 

The collections illustrate the applications of geology tc 
the useful purposes of life, and consist of: — 1. Britisl 
granites, marbles, and ordinary building stones, with the 
various cements employed in architecture and engineering. 
2. The ores of the various metals, British and Foreign, 
their mode of occurrence in mineral veins or lodes, and 
the different stages of the metallurgical processes for the 
reduction of the ores. 3. Coal, salts, and other non- 
metallic substances employed in the arts and manufactures. 
4. Models of mines, mining machinery and implements, 
and of furnaces for the reduction of the useful metals. In 
this institution the application of geology to agriculture is 
illustrated, and attached to the museum is a laboratory 
and mining record office. In the former, analyses of 
mineral substances are made for the public at regulated 
and moderate prices, and pupils are received for instruc- 
tion in analytical chemistry ; and in the latter, pupils are 
taught mining, plan, and colour drawing. The public are 
admitted free on application from 10 till 4 o'clock. 

THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, 

John street, Adelphi. The chief object of this society 
is the promotion of the arts, manufactures, and commerce 
of the kingdom ; this is done by giving honorary or pecu- 
niary rewards, as may be best adapted to the case, for all 
useful inventions, discoveries, and improvements tending 
to that purpose. 

The interior of the edifice is peculiarly elegant, and very 
commodious for the use of the society. The great room 
is a finely proportioned apartment ; it is lighted at the top 



MISS LINWOOD S EXHIBITION 



129 



by a dome. The walls are ornamented with a series of 
exquisite pictures by Barry, designed to illustrate this 
maxim; "The attainment of happiness, individual and 
public, depends upon the cultivation of knowledge." The 
pictures are six in number ; the subjects are : i( Orpheus 
civilizing the inhabitants of Thrace." " A Grecian Har- 
vest Home." " The Victors at Olympia." " An allego- 
rical representation of the Thames, typifying England and 
Commerce." "The Society for the Encouragement of 
Arts distributing its annual Prizes," and " Elysium, or 
the state of Final Retribution." The latter, and the 
" Victors at Olympia," are the two great pictures of the 
series; in the ante-room, Barry's fine painting of our 
First Parents. Open every day in the week, except 
Wednesday. Admittance by order from a Member. 

DULWICH GALLERY, 
Dulwich, about five miles from town, contains nearly 
400 pictures, the greater part of which are by the old 
masters; they were bequeathed to Dulwich college by 
the late Sir Francis Bourgeois. The gallery is open to 
the public every day except Fridays and Sundays ; from 
March until November from ten to five, and during the 
other months from eleven to three. — Tickets of admission 
may be had (gratis) of Messrs. Graves and Co., Pall Mall; 
Colnaghi, Cockspur street ; Lloyd, Harley street ; Car- 
penter, Old Bond street ; Moon, Threadneedle street ; 
Albright, Newington Causeway; Hughes, Richmond, 
and Markly, Croydon. Entrance to the gallery at the 
south end of the college, the right hand road. 

No person can be admitted without a ticket, and no 
tickets are given in Dulwich. Catalogues, one shilling. 

MISS LINWOOD'S EXHIBITION, 
Leicester square, is an extraordinary effort of human 
ingenuity, taste, and judgment, consisting of copies, in 
needle- work, of a variety of the finest paintings of the 
British and foreign schools ; the whole so exquisitely 
finished as to create a doubt of their character. They 
have occupied the leisure hours of this lady, who for 



130 



THE COLOSSEUM. 



years kept a boarding school in the town of Leicester. 
The exhibition is open every day. Admission, one shil- 
ling ; catalogues, sixpence. 




THE COLOSSEUM, 
Regent's park, is a colossal building on the eastern 
side of that splendid assemblage of mansions. It consists 
of a vast polygon of sixteen sides, with a glazed cupola, 
and massive Greco-Doric portico of six columns. The 
whole exterior is covered with Roman cement, tinted to 
represent stone. 

It contains a panoramic view of London (which has 
been beautified and restored) and the surrounding country, 
as far as the eye can reach ; taken from the upper part of 
St. Paul's cathedral, and covering 46,000 square feet of 
canvass. It is viewed from galleries of various altitudes. 
A curious ascending and descending room conveys parties 
up and down, with little perceptible motion. The Saloon 
of Arts contains works of Phidias, Canova, Michael 
Angelo, and Flaxman ; Reinagle's picture of the Death 
of Nelson ; conservatories extending 300 feet in length ; 
a Swiss cottage; jet d'eau; waterfalls from rocks, and 
distant view of a lake amid the mountains of Switzerland. 



MADAME TUSSAUD'S WAX-WORK. 131 

An open gallery, commanding an extensive prospect, 
surrounds the top of the building ; on reaching which, is 
seen the identical copper ball which for years occupied 
the summit of St. Paul's, and a fac simile of the cross by 
which it was surmounted. Open from ten till dusk. The 
panorama, saloon, ball, and cross, one shilling ; conserva- 
tories, Swiss cottage, fountains, one shilling. 

CLACIARIUM AND FROZEN LAKE, 
Baker street Bazaar, Portman square. A most 
novel, extraordinary exhibition is shown at this establish- 
ment, consisting of a surface of 3000 square feet of arti- 
ficial ice, which is opened to the public for skating at all 
seasons, and on which skaters may be seen performing 
their elegant evolutions, amidst Alpine scenery covered 
with snow and hoar frost, forming a beautiful and faithful 
Panorama of Lucerne and its lake frozen, taken expressly 
on the spot, by Mr. P. Phillips. Admittance, one shilling; 
skating, one shilling per hour. 

MADAME TUSSAUD'S WAX-WORK, 
Baker street, Portman square. There are few exhi- 
bitions where the visitor to this metropolis can spend a 
more agreeable evening, than at this highly pleasing and 
now fashionable promenade. It would be difficult to 
particularize the numerous groups of public characters 
here exhibited ; as any description of ours would fail of 
doing justice to it. 

This collection, always beautiful, but most brilliant of 
an evening, consists of groups of figures, tastefully and 
elegantly disposed; one in particular, illustrative of an 
historical event, consisting of the most celebrated charac- 
ters who figured in the late war, is an effective, impressive, 
and interesting group. The monarchs of England, from 
George the Third to Queen Victoria, the royal dukes, 
together with her great naval and military heroes, inter- 
spersed with figures of the leading members of the British 
senate ; her most distinguished literary writers, authors 
and actors, display the skill and surpassing talent of the 
artist. 



132 DIORAMA. — COSMORAMA. 

The coronation groups are works of sterling merit, and 
the likenesses are faithfully preserved. George the Fourth 
in the robes worn by him at the coronation banquet, is in 
itself an exhibition of surpassing splendour, and the artist 
has produced an excellent likeness of the king, the attitude 
and features being from the well known picture of Sir 
Thomas Lawrence. A new room lately added, contains 
relics of the Emperor Napoleon. 

It must be visited to be duly appreciated. Admittance 
to the large room, one shilling ; second room, sixpence ; 
catalogue, sixpence. 

THE DIORAMA, 
Regent's park, exhibits a happy improvement in the 
representation of scenic illusions. The spectators are 
placed in a saloon, arranged in the style of a theatre, the 
floor of which turns on a pivot, so as to bring them suc- 
cessively opposite to openings similar to a proscenium, 
behind which are placed the paintings, with lights so dis- 
posed above and behind as to form the most perfect 
optical deception that can be conceived. — The painting 
may be made to represent a landscape varying through all 
the hours of the day, from the clear and vivid light of 
morning to the dull, still dusk of evening ; and, with the 
same facility, to display the glare of the sun, or the heavy 
tinge of rain. Admission, two shillings. 

BURFCRD'S PANORAMA, 
Leicester square. Exhibitions of paintings on a large 
scale are here presented to the public. The scenes repre- 
sented are always such as respond to the popular interest 
of the day. Admission to either circle, one shilling ; 
descriptive catalogues, sixpence. 

THE COSMORAMA, 
209, Regent street, for the exhibition of various de- 
lineations of cities, edifices, and remains of antiquity. 
The views are seen through convex lenses, which con- 
siderablv heighten the effect, and give them all the ap- 



^ 



PRIVATE GALLERIES. 



133 



pearance of reality. Open from eleven till dusk ; admis- 
sion, one shilling ; descriptions, sixpence. Other inter- 
esting exhibitions are generally to be seen in this estab- 
lishment. 

FANCY CLASS EXHIBITION, 

Strand. The room contains numerous designs in glass, 
of great ingenuity ; such as birds, beasts, fruit, baskets, 
flowers, ships, &c. The process by which they are made 
is shown to each visitor. An extraordinary exhibition of 
Industrious Fleas is shown with the above. Admis- 
sion, sixpence. 

PRIVATE GALLERIES. 

Judging from the limited number and extent of our 
public galleries, exhibitions of pictures, &c, strangers 
might be led to imagine us deficient in a proper taste for 
the arts. Such, however, is by no means the case : our 
artists are numerous, highly talented, and deservedly 
patronized ; their works forming rich features of private 
collections. That want of taste is an unjust accusation, 
may be argued from the fact, that England possesses the 
largest share of the most valuable productions of the an- 
cient Italian, Flemish, and Dutch masters, purchased at 
various periods by our nobility and gentry, at enormous 
prices. 

The true connoisseur and admirer of fine specimens of 
the arts, will seek to gratify his taste by a view of the 
different collections of the nobility and gentry, which are 
numerous and splendid. In most cases, permission is 
given at certain periods to such as can procure a recom- 
mendation from any party known to the proprietor. To 
artists, however, great facilities are afforded ; and a note 
from any member of the Royal Academy is always re- 
ceived with due courtesy. The principal collections are — 

The Grosvenor Gallery — Marquis of Westminster's, 
Upper Grosvenor street. 



134 EXETER HALL — BURLINGTON ARCADE. 

The Bridgewater or Stafford Gallery — Lord F. Eger- 
ton's, Belgrave square. 

Stafford house, Duke of Sutherland's, St. James's. 

Lord Ashburton's collection, Piccadilly. 

Sir Robert Peel's, Whitehall gardens. 

Mr. Samuel Rogers's, 12, St. James's place. 

Mr. Vernon's, 50, Pall Mall. 

Mr. Hope's, Duchess street, Portland place. 

Mr. H. Bevan's, Connaught place. 

Mr. C. Bridel's, Eaton square. 

EXETER HALL, 

Strand. Public meetings, which are very frequent in 
London, are generally held in the various spacious rooms 
of the principal hotels and taverns. The time, place, and 
object, are advertised previously in the public prints. Till 
recently, there was no place exclusively devoted to public 
meetings, but an edifice has been erected for that purpose 
in the Strand. Political associations, however, are ex- 
cluded ; and most of the meetings held here partake of a 
religious character. The front of the building has a bold 
appearance, and consists of a portico, formed by two 
pillars and two pilasters. The entrance is majestic, and 
of the Corinthian order ; opposite which a flight of steps 
leads to the grand hall. The ground-floor is occupied by 
offices, committee rooms, &c. Over the front entrance is 
a Greek inscription, <HAAAEA#EION, which may be ren- 
dered " The loving brethren." 



BURLINGTON ARCADE, 

Piccadilly, is a covered avenue, upwards of 200 yards 
in length, with elegant shops on each side, fitted up with 
great taste, and displaying in millinery, jewellery, and 
fancy articles, a fine assortment, and trading in almost 
every article of fashionable demand. It is lighted by gas ; 



BAZAARS. 



135 




and in an evening presents a brilliant appearance. Porters 
are stationed at each end to exclude improper characters. 
In the centre is an entrance to the Western Exchange 
Bazaar. 

THE SOHO SQUARE BAZAAR, 

Was originally formed by Mr. Trotter, to afford young 
females an opportunity of trading on a small capital. It 
consists of an extensive ground-floor and upper rooms, 
hung with cloth, and intersected by mahogany counters. 
It has become a fashionable resort for ladies to make their 
light purchases. The trades are numerous, consisting of 
every article belonging to female dress or ornament, toys, 
jewellery, perfumery, cutlery, literature, and the arts. 
Open every day, except Sunday, from ten till five. 

Establishments of a similar character have also been 
formed in the Western Exchange, Old Bond street ; the 
Lowther Bazaar, Strand ; in King street, Portman square ; 
and in the neighbourhood of Belgrave square, Pimlico. 
The two latter are also marts for the sale of carriages, &c. 
The one near Belgrave square, is known by the name of 
the Pantechnicon. 



136* 



LOWTHER ARCADE. 



THE PANTHEON, 

In Oxford street. The alterations have been made from 
designs under the direction of Mr. Sidney Smirke. The 
ground-floor, in front of Oxford street, is disposed in ves- 
tibules, enriched with sculpture, and contains a magni- 
ficent staircase, leading to apartments and galleries above, 
which are for the sale and exhibition of pictures and 
works of the fine arts. A corridor on one side leads into 
the great hall of the Bazaar, and is divided into three 
parts ; the whole of these floors are tastefully arranged 
with counters for the purposes of this establishment ; at 
the end of the hall, the way lies through a saloon to the 
conservatory and aviary, containing a splendid fountain ; 
the conservatory is the entrance from Great Marlborough 
street. 




THE LOWTHER ARCADE, 

At the west end of the Strand, forms an elegant avenue 
to Adelaide street, at the back of St. Martin's church. 
The design is replete with taste. It is 245 feet in length, 



THE TOWER OF LONDON. 



137 



feet wide, and 35 high ; each shop having two stories 
ver it. The first-floor consists of rooms, capable of 
eing applied to those neat trades which are devoted to 
he supply of the female toilette. The rears of the shops 
re open, thereby joining the advantage of increased light 
'.nd proper ventilation. The roof rests upon arches, sup- 
>orted on pilasters. 



Various exhibitions, of a more temporary nature than 
;hose which we have enumerated, are from time to time 
Dpened in London, of which due notice, as to their nature 
md place of exhibition, are announced in the public 
papers. 



CURIOSITIES AND ANTIQUITIES. 




THE TOWER OF LONDON, 
Situated at the eastern extremity of the City. It covers 
a surface of twelve acres, within a strongly fortified wall, 
and the whole surrounded by water. It was originally 
the palace and castle of the early monarchs of England. 
The lofty square building adorned with turrets, so con- 

n 2 



138 THE TOWER OF LONDON. 

spicuously surmounting the rest of the fortress, is the 
most ancient part of the edifice, and for many years 
formed of itself " The Tower of London ;" it is called the 
White Tower, and was erected by William the Conqueror. 
Its height is ninety-two feet, and the walls are fourteen 
feet in thickness. 

On the second floor of the White Tower is a beautiful 
sample of Norman architecture, the chapel of St. John, 
in which our first kings performed their devotions. A 
portion of the national records are at present kept here. 
On another story is the Council Chamber, where the 
Protector Gloucester ordered Lord Hastings to be led to 
execution. Below the chapel is a prison, said to have 
been the place of confinement of Sir Walter Raleigh. It 
is now occupied by the Queen Elizabeth Armoury. A 
large range of vaults underneath the White Tower have 
also been occupied as prisons. Numerous inscriptions 
are still remaining on the walls ; one carved by the unfor- 
tunate Bishop of Rochester, John Fisher, who was be- 
headed for his opposition to the Reformation, under 
Henry the Eighth. 

The entrance is through four successive gates at the 
west of the Tower, which are opened at five in the morn- 
ing in summer, and at daylight in winter, with great 
formality, and as much precaution as if an army lay in its 
vicinity prepared to attack it. The middle tower gate, 
and the one on the further side of the moat (the Byward 
Tower), were strongly fortified, and provided each with a 
double portcullis. A drawbridge formerly united them. 

These towers, and all those of the outer ward, are of 
the age of Henry III. There is here a narrow street on 
the left, which extends entirely round the fortress, di- 
viding the outer from the inner ward, or ballium. The 
tower on the left is called the " Bell Tower," and contains 
the alarm bell of the garrison. This tower is said to have 
been the prison of Queen Elizabeth. Further on is a 
water-gate to the right, called the Traitor's Gate, through 
which state prisoners were brought to the Tower, and 
the Inner Ballium Gate to the left. The square tower 



THE TOWER OF LONDON. 139 

opposite the water-gate is the " Bloody Tower," the scene 
of the murder of the two infant princes by their uncle, 
afterwards Richard III. The round tower adjoining is 
named the " Wakefield, or Record Tower/' and formed 
part of the additions of William Rufus. The upper story 
is said to have been the spot where Henry VI. was 
murdered. 

Passing through the gateway of the Bloody Tower, we 
come in front of the spot formerly occupied by the Grand 
Storehouse (or arsenal of small arms), which was de- 
stroyed by fire on the night of October 30, 1841. 

On the left is the church of St. Peter, interesting only 
as the burial place of many who lost their lives on Tower 
hill. Among the most conspicuous of these are the two 
queens of Henry VIII., Anna Boleyn and Katharine 
Howard ; the two Earls of Essex, Cromwell and Deve- 
reux ; Lady Jane Grey and her husband, and others. 

Opposite to the church, in the residence of the go- 
vernor, is a room called the Council Chamber, in which 
the commissioners met to examine Guy Fawkes and his 
accomplices ; an event which is commemorated by a 
curious monument, with inscriptions in Latin and He- 
brew. 

Between the Lieutenant's lodgings and the church 
stands the " Beauchamp Tower." This is perhaps the 
most interesting building of the whole range, the White 
Tower not excepted. Employed for many years as a 
prison, its walls are covered with the carved memorials of 
its unfortunate occupants. Among those who have re- 
corded their sorrows, are John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, 
1553; Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel, 1587; Robert 
Dudley, Earl of Leicester, and many others. 

The upper chamber of the Beauchamp Tower is said to 
have been the prison of Queen Anna Boleyn : the lower 
is now used as a mess-room by the officers of the garri- 
son, but may be seen by applying in the early part of the 
day to the person left in charge of the apartments. 

To the north of the Beauchamp Tower stands the 
" Develin Tower," from the lower chambers of which 



140 THE TOWER OF LONDON. 

were passages communicating with the vaults of the neigh- 
bouring chapel of St. Peter. Eastward of this are the 
remains of three others, the " Flint," the " Bowyer," and 
the " Brick Towers." In the last, Lady Jane Grey is 
said to have been imprisoned, and the Bowyer Tower is 
the reputed scene of the murder of the Duke of Clarence, 
by drowning in a butt of Malmsey. It was in a work- 
room over the Bowyer Tower, too, that the fire originated 
which destroyed the Grand Storehouse, in 1841. 

At the north-east angle stands the " Martin Tower," 
formerly a prison, but afterwards occupied as the depo- 
sitory of the Crown jewels, thence obtaining the name of 
the Jewel Tower. The inconvenience of this building for 
the exhibition of the regalia led to the erection of the 
present Jewel House, which was completed in 1841. On 
the eastern side of the White Tower there are two other 
buildings, formerly used as prison lodgings, the " Broad 
Arrow " and the u Salt Towers." The south side of the 
White Tower is occupied by the Ordnance Office and its 
storehouses. 

The Tower of London has been, from the earliest ages 
of our monarchy, the place of deposit for the national 
arms and accoutrements. 

The Horse Armoury. — At the south-west corner of 
the White Tower is the entrance to the Horse Armoury ; 
it forms in its interior a single apartment, 150 feet by 33. 
The centre is occupied by a line of equestrian figures, 
twenty-one in number, clothed in the armour of various 
reigns, from that of Edward I. to that of James II. Over 
these will be seen a series of banners, each bearing a date, 
and the name of some king or knight whose person is re- 
presented by the effigy below. The walls of the room, 
and the ceiling, are ornamented with a great variety and 
number of arms and pieces of armour, ingeniously put up 
in picturesque forms and devices, among which is a cu- 
rious representation of St. George and the Dragon. 

Having given a general view of this interesting recep- 
tacle, we shall proceed to a short description of its cu- 
riosities : — 



THE TOWER OF LONDON. 141 

Edward I., King of England, A.D. 12/2. This monarch 
is represented in the act of sheathing his sword. 

Henry VI., King of England, A.D. 1450. 

Edward IV., King of England, A.D. 1465. In a com- 
plete suit of tournament armour. 

A Knight of the time of Richard III., clothed in the 
armour worn by the Marquis of Waterford at the Eglintoun 
Tournament. 

Henry VII., King of England, A.D. 1508. A fluted 
suit of elegant form. 

Henry VIII., King of England, A.D. 1520. This 
monarch appears in a suit of plate armour, gilt. 

Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, A.D. 1520. He 
also is represented in plate armour. 

Edward Clinton, Earl of Lincoln, A.D. 1535. This 
nobleman's armour is very elegantly gilt, and his right 
hand rests on a mace. 

Edward VI., King of England, A.D. 1552. This figure 
is particularly deserving of notice. 

Francis Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon, A.D. 1555. 
This is a suit of plate armour, richly gilt. 

Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, A.D. 1560. 

Sir Henry Lea, Master of the Armoury, A.D. 15 70. 

Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, A.D. 1585. This is a 
fine suit of armour, inlaid with gold. 

James I., King of England, A.D. 1605. 

Sir Horace Vere, Captain General, A.D. 1606. 

Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, A.D. 1608. 

Henry, Prince of Wales, son of James I., A.D. 1612. 
In a beautiful suit of armour, and highly deserving the 
attention of the curious. 

George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, A.D. 1618. 

Charles, Prince of Wales, afterwards Charles J., A.D. 
1620. 

Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, A.D. 1635. 

Charles I., King of England, A.D. 1640. The surface 
of this suit of armour is entirely gilt. 

James II., King of England, A. D. 1685. 

This completes the series of equestrian figures occupy- 
ing the centre of the room. Ranged along the wall are 



142 THE TOWER OF LONDON. 

other suits of armour and ancient weapons, displayed on 
figures, or formed into trophies. 

A recess on the south side contains a magnificent suit 
worn by Henry VIII., and two small figures of the princes 
Henry and Charles, son of James I., both clad in armour. 
Near to these is a man-at-arms, of the year 1530. This 
gigantic armour is calculated for a man seven feet in 
height. 

Turning to the right is a small room. On each side is a 
glass case : that on the left contains specimens of the prin- 
cipal kinds of hand fire-arms in use from the first invention 
of gunnery ; that on the right contains some curious Chinese 
military dresses, taken in the recent capture of Chusan; an 
elegant Mameluke saddle and stirrups ; a Turkish bridle 
and breastplate from Grand Cairo. Also three swords, a 
helmet, and girdle, which belonged to Tippoo Saib. 

At the north-east corner is placed the equestrian figure 
of Hector, Count of Padua : the date attached to it is 
1 600, and the armour is considered as fine a specimen as 
any extant of that period. It is a recent addition to the 
armoury, and to those interested in the inspection of 
ancient armour is an object worthy of attention. Under an 
ornamental canopy formed of ramrods, supported by pillars 
of gun barrels, is an effigy in a suit of engraved armour of 
Queen Elizabeth's time. 

Staircase leading to Queen Elizabeth's Ar- 
moury. — This is at the north-east corner of the Horse 
Armoury. On each side of the entrance is an armed figure. 
That on the right hand is a suit of the time of James I., 
on the left in the time of Charles I. Around are various 
arms, halberds, pikes, pistols, &c. At the top of the stairs 
are two figures rudely carved in wood, formerly fixed over 
the buttery of the old palace at Greenwich ; they were 
called " Gin and Beer," and probably served to illustrate 
some adage or maxim of sobriety. Near to these is a 
matchless brass gun, which was taken from Malta by the 
French, and recaptured by Captain Foote. The ornaments 
upon it are exquisite in workmanship as well as design. 
Also on the same landing a glass case, which contains the 
sword and sash of the late Duke of York, Commander- in- 



THE TOWER OF LONDON. 143 

Chief of the British army ; and near it are two figures in 
Japanese armour. 

Queen Elizabeth's Armoury. — Entering the 
White Tower, through a passage formed in the eastern 
wall, which is here fourteen feet in thickness of solid 
masonry, is the apartment assigned by tradition as the 
prison of Sir Walter Raleigh. The dark closet adjoining 
is said to have been his sleeping room. 

As the spectator enters the room, he will observe placed 
on each side near the entrance, specimens of the various 
spears in use in Europe previously to the general intro- 
duction of fire arms. Here are the bill, the glaive, the 
gisarme, the ranseur, the spetum, the partizan, the spon- 
toon, the boar-spear, halberds, pikes, &c. On the right 
on entering, in the first compartment, are a variety of 
battle-axes, two of them having hand guns combined 
with the staff of each ; a sword and an iron buckler, time 
of Elizabeth. In this compartment, the entrance to the 
prison cell is seen ; the architectural ornaments may be 
put aside, so as to allow the inscriptions cut upon the 
stone to be examined. 

In the second compartment, are some highly orna- 
mented halberds of the time of Elizabeth ; a Jedburgh 
axe, or Joddart staff, time of Henry VIII. ; a two-handed 
battle-axe, time of Henry IV. ; several other targets and 
battle-axes. 

In the third compartment, are two immense swords of 
the fifteenth century, used for purposes of state, and tw T o 
two-handed swords, time of Henry VIII. A shield of 
brass, embossed in four divisions, representing the Labours 
of Hercules, date 1379. An oblong shield of wood, of 
the time of Henry VI. A shield carried by the guard of 
King Henry VIII. and two broad- swords of his time. A 
target of steel engraved and gilt, time of Charles I. Upon 
the pillars are some exceedingly curious swords. 

In the fourth compartment, are beautiful halberds of 
the time of Elizabeth. A handsome bright target, weigh- 
ing 42 J lbs. Its great weight indicates that it was for 
defence resting upon a rampart. Cross-bows, viz., the 
stirrup-bow, with its moulinet for bending it ; the latch- 



144 



THE TOWER OF LONDON. 



bow, with a beautifully engraved latch. Two swords, time 
of James I. ; also several other shields and interesting 
articles. 

In the fifth compartment, are a group of short spears, 
two targets of wood covered with leather ; two prodds, 
used for shooting animals ; a mazuelle, or English little 
mace, and a variety of poniards. Upon the pillar is* an 
interesting sword ; on the blade is a cross and a Latin 
inscription, signifying " the sword of Autcarius." 

Upon the last pillars are weapons used by the rebels at 
the battle of Sedgmoor, in the year 1685. 

At the end of the room is a figure of Queen Elizabeth 
seated upon a cream-coloured horse, held by a page : she 
is in a dress in imitation of that worn by her in the pro- 
cession to St. PauPs, when she went there in great state, 
to return thanks for deliverance from Spanish thraldom. 

In the recesses of the windows, besides a variety of 
spears of a common description, are the following: — 
Linstocks, with spears ; the former to hold the live match 
of the gunner, and the spear for his personal protection in 
case of attack. Battle-axe spears, of the time of Eliza- 
beth. Specimens of hollow-head spears. A fashion pre- 
vailed about the time of Hemy VIII., of making the 
steel portion of the spear hollow, of which these are 
various examples. A matchlock fowling-piece, of the 
time of Henry VIII. A matchlock arquebus of the same 
period. Two musket rests. When the arquebus or 
musket was first invented, it was so heavy, that a rest was 
indispensable. A matchlock gun and a matchlock petro- 
nel, the latter of which belonged to King Henry VIII., 
and both are made to load at the breech. A hand-gun of 
the time of Edward IV., combined with a tuck or four- 
sided pike. Military forks, the weapons of the sergeants, 
time of Charles I. 

Over the spears placed against the massive piers be- 
tween the windows, are pavoises, or two-handed shields, 
which were carried by a serf before his master, while the 
latter shot from his cross-bow. 

In various parts of the room the following instruments 
of torture will be seen : — The thumb-screw. The collar 



THE TOWER OF LONDON. 145 

of torment, taken from the Spaniards in 1588. The 
bilboa or yoke. The cravat, or scavenger's daughter — an 
engine for locking together the hands, feet, and neck. 

A very curious battle-axe, combined with three "gonnes," 
called a "holy water sprinkle." This is said to have 
been the staff with which King Henry VIII. was walking 
the streets of London at night, when, refusing to give an 
account of himself to the watchman, he w r as put into the 
Poultry Compter, where he remained till the following 
morning. Cannon shot, chiefly made of wrought iron, 
namely, spike shot, star shot, chain shot, and saw shot. 
A beheading axe, of singular form. This has long been 
named as the axe which took off the head of Queen Anne 
Boleyn ; but the tradition has but slender support. It is 
also said to have beheaded the Earl of Essex, which seems 
more probable. 

In different parts of the room are shields of the time 
of Henry VIII. , each of which is furnished with a small 
matchlock " gonne," and a small grating through which 
the soldier was to take aim. They are constructed of 
wood, and covered with iron, and have a lining of woollen 
cloth stuffed. 

On returning from Queen Elizabeth's Armoury, the 
visitor will proceed along the north side of the Horse Ar- 
moury. Passing onward, are seen upon a long platform, 
a variety of suits of armour in rows, w 7 hich afford an idea 
of a line of soldiers, consisting of cavaliers, curassiers, and 
pikemen of the times of Charles the First and Second. 
Below them are arranged a number of interesting helmets, 
from a very early date down to the time of James II. in 
chronological order. 

Against the central part of the north wall is a Norman 
Crusader, said to be 700 years old. Near to this is a 
model representing the encounter of the Duke of Cla- 
rence, brother to Henry V., and Garizo de Fontaine, a 
French knight, in which the former was slain. Under an 
ornamental canopy formed of ramrods, supported by pil- 
lars of gun-barrels, is an effigy in a suit of armour, of 
Henry Ill's time. 



146 the tower of london. 

In the recess, in glass cases near the entrance, are de- 
posited a number of highly interesting pieces of armour, 
which are too numerous to mention in detail. 

On leaving the horse armoury, the visitor will pass the 
place where stood the Grand Storehouse, destroyed by fire 
in 1841. From the following official return made to the 
Board of Ordnance, of the military and naval stores de- 
stroyed during the fire — it appears that at this period the 
number of arms was considerably below the average 
amount, viz., 600,000 stand. Percussion muskets 11,000, 
with bayonets, 26,000 ; flint locks, 22,000 ; percussion 
locks, 7,000; 12,158 pistols; 75 double barrelled pistols, 
with moveable butts; 1,376 swords; 2,271 sword blades ; 
2,026 plug bayonets ; 192 spears ; 95 pikes; 210 musque- 
toons ; 709 carbines ; 3 wall pieces ; 279 cuirasses ; 276 
helmets, and 52 drums. The Board of Ordnance have 
given orders that the large cannon and other trophies 
which are injured, shall be sent to Woolwich, where 
models will be taken and the same metal recast into their 
original form. The loss sustained by the fire is estimated 
at ,€250,000. 

The Regalia have been deposited in the Tower since 
the reign of Henry III. They were formerly preserved 
in the Martin Tower, but are now r removed to the new 
Jewel House, a building much better suited to public con- 
venience. This superb collection of State Jewels consists 
of the new T Imperial Crown, made for her present Majesty. 
The cap is of purple velvet, enclosed with silver hoops, 
covered with diamonds ; on the top of these hoops is a 
ball, ornamented with small diamonds, bearing a cross 
formed of brilliants, in the centre of which is a unique 
sapphire : in the front is the heart-formed ruby, said to 
have been worn by Edward the Black Prince. — The 
Queen's Sceptre with the Cross is of beautiful work- 
manship, and richly ornamented with precious stones. — 
The Ampulla, or Golden Eagle; this vessel is of pure 
gold, and of great antiquity ; at the coronations of our 
sovereigns, it contains the oil with which they are 
anointed. — The Anointing Spoon, also of gold, and of 
similar antiquity. — The Royal Spurs, used in the coro- 



THE TOWER OF LONDON. 147 

nation ceremony, curiously wrought in gold. — The Ar- 
millae, or Coronation Bracelets, are of gold, and chased 
with the rose, the fleur-de-lys, and harp, edged with 
pearls. — The Orb is about six inches in diameter, edged 
with pearls and ornamented with precious stones, and 
surrounded by roses of diamonds. This orb is placed in 
the sovereign's left hand on the coronation ceremony. — 
The Queen's Orb is of smaller dimensions than the pre- 
ceding, but composed of the same splendid materials and 
ornaments. — The Queen's Ivory Sceptre belonged to the 
consort of James II. ; it is mounted in gold, and bears on 
the top a dove of white onyx. — The Golden Salt-cellar of 
State is placed on the table at coronation banquets. It is 
of gold, set with jewels, adorned with grotesque figures, 
and is shown as a model of the White Tower ; to which, 
however, it bears but slight resemblance. — St. Edward's 
Staff is of pure gold, 4 feet 7 inches in length, and three 
quarters of an inch in diameter : on the top is an orb and 
a cross, shod with a steel spike : a fragment of the real 
cross is said to be deposited in the orb. — Two massive 
Tankards, Banqueting Dish, and other Dishes and Spoons, 
all of gold, and used at coronations. — Twelve small Salt- 
cellars of gold, used on similar occasions, are interspersed. 
— The great Sea Diamond. — The Baptismal Font with 
Stand, of silver gilt, used at the baptism of Her present 
Majesty, and at that of the Prince of Wales : this magni- 
ficent piece is upwards of four feet high. — The ancient 
Imperial Crown, made for Charles II., to replace the one 
said to have been worn by Edward the Confessor, which 
was broken up and sold during the civil wars. Its arches, 
flowers, and fillets, are covered with large jewels of every 
colour, surrounding a cap of purple velvet, faced with 
ermine. — The Prince of Wales's Crown is of plain gold, 
without any jewels. It is placed before his seat in the 
House of Lords, on a velvet cushion. — The ancient 
Queen's Crown is of gold, set with diamonds of great 
value, intermixed with pearls and other costly jewels : the 
cap is of purple velvet, faced with ermine. — The Queen's 
Diadem, or Circlet of Gold, was made for the consort of 
James II. It is adorned with large diamonds, curiously 



148 THE TOWER OF LONDON. 

set ; the upper edge of the border is banded with a string 
of pearls. It has been estimated to have cost ^1 1 1,000. 
— The Royal Sceptre with the Cross is also of gold, and 

2 feet 9 inches in length. The staff is plain, but the 
pommel is ornamented with rubies, emeralds, and dia- 
monds. This sceptre is adorned with golden leaves, 
bearing the rose, shamrock, and thistle : the cross, covered 
with jewels of various kinds, has in the centre a large 
table diamond. — The Royal Sceptre with the Dove or 
Rod of Equity. The cross whereon this symbol of peace 
reposes is, together with the centre and pommel, richly 
covered with jewels ; the sceptre itself is of gold, and 

3 feet 7 inches in length. — The beautifully wrought Ser- 
vice of Sacramental Plate, used at coronations, and in the 
chapel of St. Peter in the Tower. — The Swords of Justice, 
ecclesiastical and temporal, are of steel, ornamented with 
gold. — The Sword of Mercy is also of steel, gilt, but 
pointless. — A large Golden Wine Fountain, presented by 
the Corporation of Plymouth to Charles II. : this is used 
at coronation, and other state banquets. The estimated 
value of this magnificent collection is <£3,000,000. 

Tickets of admission, price sixpence, are obtained at the 
Armoury Ticket Office, within the entrance gates. The 
visitors then proceed to the refreshment or ante-room, 
where a warder attends every half-hour, between ten and 
four, to conduct them over the Armouries. To see the 
Regalia, tickets, sixpence each. 



The demolition of the monasteries, &c, in the reign of 
Henry VIII., was so general and effectual, that few relics 
remain. They are — St. Bartholomew's, Smithfield; St. 
Helen's, Bishopsgate street; Christ's Hospital; St. John's, 
Clerkenwell; St. Mary Overy's; and St. Augustin's. 

Relics of the ancient wall of London are to be seen in 
some places ; the most perfect of these occurs between 
the north of Bull and Mouth street, and St. Botolph's 
churchyard; and on the south side of Cripplegate 
churchyard. 



CURIOSITIES AND ANTIQUITIES. 149 

In Panyer alley, Newgate street, is a small figure in 
low relief, of an infant Bacchus in a basket or panyer, 
beneath which may be read, " When ye have sought the 
Citty round, yet still this is the highest ground." Over 
the entrance of Bull's-head court, in the same street, is a 
stone, having figures sculptured on it, to represent Wil- 
liam Evans, the gigantic porter of Charles I., and Geoffrey 
Hudson, the dwarf. At the corner of Warwick lane, 
Newgate street, is a basso relievo of an armed figure, which 
marks the site of the old mansion of the Earls of Warwick. 
The General Dispensary, Aldersgate street, forms part of 
what once was the mansion of the Earls of Shaftesbury, 
which was built by Inigo Jones. In the Borough, near 
St. Saviour's, are the remains of the ancient palace of 
the Bishop of Winchester. Since the formation of the 
new approach to the southern foot of London Bridge, 
the ancient " Ladye Chapelle," St. Saviour's, has been 
repaired ; and, in the finest taste, restored to all its pris- 
tine beauty. 

On the north side of Lambeth palace, at the top of one 
of the towers, is the prison in which the Lollards were 
formerly confined ; and in the churchyard is the tomb of 
the Tradescants, who so highly contributed to excite a 
taste for the study of natural history. 

Stow's monument is a curious composition in imitation 
of stone, in the parish church of St. Andrew Undershaft. 
The figure, which appears seated and writing, is well 
executed. Gerrard's, or Gisor's hall, Basing lane, is a 
part of a curious relic of ancient architecture. It is re- 
markable for its vaults, supported by sixteen pillars, 
brought from Caen. 

No. 75, High street, Borough, is the Talbot inn ; over 
the entrance formerly was the following inscription : — 
" This is the inn where Geoffrey Chaucer, knight, and 
nine and twenty pilgrims, lodged in their journey to Can- 
terbury, in 1383." In the yard is a representation of 
then* entrance into Canterbury. 

At the end of Buckingham street, Strand, are the only 
remains of a splendid mansion, belonging to Villiers, 

o2 



150 LONDON STONE. 

Duke of Buckingham. For this beautiful specimen of 
architecture, Inigo Jones has received much posthumous 
praise. On the south side are the arms of the Villiers 
family ; and on the north, their motto, " Fidei coticula 
crux." The last house in the street, next the river, was 
occupied by Peter the Great, during his residence in 
London. 

In Fenchurch street is the King's head tavern, where 
the Princess (afterwards Queen) Elizabeth dined on her 
liberation from the Tower. The dish in which her repast 
(pork and peas) was served, is still shown in the coffee 
room, together with her portrait, and are placed over the 
fire-place. 

ST. JOHN'S GATE 
Forms the south entrance to St. John's square, Clerken- 
well. It consists of a large pointed arch, with a Gothic 
window over it, and a large square tower on each side. 
Its antiquity and associations render it attractive. It was 
formerly a part of the ancient priory of Clerkenwell ; and 
subsequently the residence of Cave, the originator and 
publisher of the Gentleman's Magazine, at which time it 
was often visited by Dr. Johnson, Garrick, and other 
eminent characters. It is now occupied on one side as a 
tavern, and on the other as a coal-shed. 

" To what base uses may we come at last !" 

LONDON STONE, 

Cannon street, is the most ancient relic of the past in 
London, supposed to be the stone whence the Romans 
measured their distances to the several stations over the 
island. It is now imbedded in the outer wall of St. 
Swithin's church. On this stone it is that Shakspeare 
represents Jack Cade as striking his sword, when he ex- 
claimed, " Now is Mortimer lord of London." 

CROSBY HOUSE, 

Crosby square, was built in 1470, by Sir John Crosby, 
then sheriff of London. It became the residence of the 



TEMPLE BAR. 



151 



Duke of Gloucester, afterwards Richard III. The west 
side has some curious Gothic windows, and the roof is 
adorned with curious carving. This house was at one 
time the loftiest in London. It was granted by Henry 
VIII. to an Italian merchant : during Elizabeth's reign it 
was appropriated to the reception of ambassadors; and 
after the Restoration it became the property of the Non- 
conformists, who retained it many years. 




TEMPLE BAR, 

Built in the years 1670-1-2, by Sir Christopher Wren, 
is the only City gate now remaining, and marks the west- 
ern point of corporate influence. The building, which is 
of the Corinthian order, and entirely of Portland stone, 
consists of a large centre arch, with gates, having on each 
side an arched postern for foot passengers. Over the 
centre arch, facing the east and west, are two Gothic* 
windows, the one having to its right and left statues of 
James I. and Queen Elizabeth ; and the other, those of 
Charles I. and II. in Roman costumes. On particular 
and state occasions, the gates are closed against the official 
agents of royalty. Permission to enter the city is then 



152 



THE MONUMENT. 



requested, in the Queen's name, of the lord mayor, who 
issues his special order to that effect. If the Queen visit 
the city in person, she is here met by the lord mayor, who 
delivers to her the sword of state ; this being returned to 
the lord mayor, he precedes the Queen to her destination. 
Formerly, the heads of persons executed for high treason 
were exhibited on this gate, 

11 To fright the souls of fearful adversaries." 




THE MONUMENT, 

On Fish street hill, was erected by Sir Christopher Wren, 
to commemorate the great fire of 1666, which broke out 
at a house distant about 200 feet (the height of the co- 
lumn) from this spot. It was commenced in 1671, and 
finished in 1677- By the recent improvements in forming 
the approaches to the new London bridge, this beautiful 
structure is now seen to great advantage. 

The column exceeds in height the famous pillars of 
Trajan and Antoninus, at Rome, and contains upwards of 
20,000 square feet of Portland stone. It is fluted, of the 



THE MONUMENT. 153 

Doric order, and stands on a massy pedestal, forty feet 
high, having on the north and south sides Latin inscrip- 
tions, descriptive of the desolation and restoration of the 
City. That on the north is to the following effect : — 

" About midnight, on the 2d of September, in the year 1666, a most 
terrible fire broke out within about 200 feet eastward from this place ; 
and being driven by a high wind, wasted, with incredible noise and 
fury, not only the adjacent parts, but also places very remote. It con- 
sumed eighty-nine churches, the City gates, Guildhall, many public 
structures, hospitals, schools, libraries, a vast number of stately 
edifices, 13,200 dwellings, and 400 streets. Of twenty-six wards, it 
utterly destroyed fifteen, and left eight others shattered and half 
burnt. The ruins of the City were 436 acres, from the Tower by the 
Thames, to the Temple church, and from the north-east gate along the 
City wall to Holborn bridge. To the estates and fortunes of the citizens 
it was merciless, but to their lives very favourable. That in all things 
it might resemble the last conflagration of the world, the destruction 
was sudden ; for, in a small space of time, the same city was seen most 
flourishing, and reduced to nothing. Three days after, when this fatal 
fire had baffled all human counsels and endeavours, in the opinion of 
all, as it were by the will of Heaven, it stopped, and on every side was 
extinguished." 

The inscription on the south side runs thus : 

" Charles II., son of Charles the Martyr, King of Great Eritain, 
France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, a most gracious prince, 
commiserating the deplorable state of things, whilst the ruins were 
yet smoking, provided for the comfort of his citizens and the ornament 
of his City. He remitted their taxes, and referred the petitions of the 
magistrates and inhabitants to the parliament, who immediately 
passed an act, that public works should be restored to greater beauty 
with public money, to be raised by an imposition on coal ; that parish 
churches and the cathedral of St. Paul should be rebuilt from their 
foundations, with all magnificence; that the bridges, gates, and 
prisons, should be new made; the sewers cleansed ; the streets made 
straight and regular, such as were steep levelled, and those too 
narrow made wider; markets and shambles removed to separate 
places. They also enacted that every house should be built with party 
walls ; and all in front raised of equal height, and their walls, all of 
square stone or brick ; and that no man should delay beyond the space 
of seven years. Moreover, care was taken by law to prevent all suits 
about their bounds. Also, anniversary prayers were enjoined ; and, 
to perpetuate the memory hereof to posterity, they caused this column 
to be erected. The work was carried on with diligence, and London 
is restored, but whether with greater speed or beauty may be made a 
question. Three years saw that finished, which was supposed to be 
the business of an age." 

On the west side is an emblematical alto and basso 
relievo, representing Time raising London from its de- 
spondency, under the patronage of Charles II. and the 



154 CHARING CROSS. — NELSON MONUMENT. 

Duke of York, attended by Imagination, Ichnographia, 
and Liberty. Below the King, is Envy ; and behind him 
arc Fortitude and War. In the back ground, to the left, 
is the City in flames ; and to the right, workmen erecting 
new buildings. To the east of the pedestal is a door, 
opening on a flight of 345 black marble steps, leading to 
the balcony, near the top, from which may be taken a 
beautiful view of the metropolis and the adjacent country. 
The whole is surmounted by a blazing urn of gilt brass, 
forty- two feet in height. Admittance to the balcony, 
sixpence. 

CHARING CROSS. 
The cross erected by Edward I. to the memory of his 
Queen, Eleanor, which occupied this spot, was removed 
in the reign of Charles I., and replaced by a bronze eques- 
trian statue of that monarch, cast by Le Sueur, remark- 
able as being the first equestrian statue in England. 
During the civil wars it was sold by the parliament to a 
brazier, with strict orders to have it destroyed; but he, 
having too much sagacity to obey these directions, con- 
cealed it under ground during the whole time of the 
Revolution, and at the Restoration of Charles II. brought 
it from its hiding-place, to the wonder of every one. The 
statue was then placed on its present pedestal, executed by 
Gibbons, and ornamented with the royal arms, trophies, 
&c. — From this spot heralds proclaim the accession of a 
new monarch to the throne. 

NELSON MONUMENT, 

Trafalgar Square. This long neglected memorial 
to the memory of our great naval hero, consists of a 
fluted granite pillar, with a beautiful Corinthian capital, 
cast in gun metal, surmounted with a colossal statue, 
18 feet high, executed by E. H. Baily, Esq. The whole 
being 17b* feet 6 inches. The square pedestal is 36 feet 
high; on the sides of which are represented in bassi 
relievi the battles of Aboukir, St. Vincent, Copenhagen, 
and Trafalgar. At each angle are placed couchant lions. 
The whole forms a striking feature in the splendid 
improvements in this part of the metropolis. 



SQUARES. 



155 



EQUESTRIAN STATUE OF GEORGE HI. 

In an open space near the bottom of the Haymarket, 
Pall Mall, East, is an equestrian statue of his Majesty 
George the Third, cast in bronze, erected in 1836. The 
money for carrying this respectful tribute of loyalty into 
effect, was raised by subscription. M. C. Wyatt, Esq., 
was the artist employed on this occasion. The bronze 
horse here exhibited will be found to constitute the finest 
specimen of its class in existence. The figure of the king, 
" in his habit as he lived," is also as nearly as possible, a 
fac simile of the original. To this fidelity of costume, 
however objectionable it may be thought in itself, the 
artist was strictly bound by his contract. 



top 




THE QUADRANT. 

This fashionable promenade extends from Piccadilly to 
the continuation of Regent street, and is ornamented by 
handsome colonnades, supported by 140 cast-iron pillars 
of the Doric order. 



SQUARES, ETC. 

No object in London is so likely to strike and please the 
stranger as these vast and beautiful spaces for the recrea- 



156 SQUARES. 

tion and health of the inhabitants. They are peculiar to 
this country, the "places" of continental towns not being 
relieved by gardens in the centre. 

TRAFALGAR SQUARE. 

The ornamental centre of this splendid square is from 
the designs of Charles Barry, Esq., Architect to the New 
Houses of Parliament ; it has the appearance of having 
been hewn from a solid rock of granite, and forms a base 
to the National Gallery, considerably raising that building 
in appearance. The balustrades are of Aberdeen granite, 
beautifully carved; the Terrace in imitation of Roman 
pavement, presents a noble promenade, with broad flights 
of steps at each end, leading to the area of the square and 
its splendid fountains. On the south side stands the 
Nelson memorial ; and on the north-eastern end of the 
terrace is a noble equestrian statue of George IV., by 
Chantrey. 

CROSVENOR SQUARE 

Is situated on the south side of Oxford street, and con- 
tains six acres of ground, in the centre of which is a gilt 
equestrian statue of George I. by Van Nost, and erected 
in 1726, by direction of Sir R. Grosvenor. The buildings 
are handsome, and the ground within the railing well laid 
out. It derives its name, as do the adjoining streets, from 
being built upon the estate of Earl Grosvenor. 

RUSSELL SQUARE, 

One of the largest and most uniform squares in London, 
has its interior laid out with great taste and variety. In 
the centre of the south side, facing Bedford place, is a 
full-sized statue in bronze of Francis, Duke of Bedford, in 
his parliamentary robes. Immediately opposite to this, 
in Bloomsbury square, is a statue of that eminent states- 
man, C. J. Fox. He is represented seated, in the robes 
of a senator, his right hand extended, holding Magna 
Charta. Both these statues are by Westmacott, to whom 
they are highly creditable. 



SQUARES. 157 

SOHO SQUARE, 
One of the oldest in London, was built in the reign of 
Charles II., whose statue adorns the centre area. It was 
formerly called King's square, and took its present title 
from the watchword of the party of the unfortunate Duke 
of Monmouth, at the battle of Sedgmoor. In the centre 
is a large area within a railing, enclosing trees and shrubs, 
and a pedestrian statue of Charles II. ; at the feet are 
emblematical figures of the rivers Thames, Trent, Severn, 
and Humber. 

ST. JAMES'S SQUARE, 

Pall Mall, is celebrated for its distinguished residents. 
In this square, at the house of one of the nobility, George 
the Third was born. In the centre is a statue of William 
III. on a pedestal, erected in the centre of a piece of 
water. 

LEICESTER SQUARE 

Is a spacious square, between St. Martin's lane and the 
Haymarket. It derives its name from the mansion of the 
Earls of Leicester on the north side, the residence of the 
mother of George the Third when he ascended the throne. 
In the centre is a fine gilt bronze equestrian statue of 
George I., which originally stood in the park at Canons, 
in Hertfordshire. It is now occupied by the exhibition 
of Miss Linwood's pictures, &c. 

LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS, 

The interior of which is of the same extent as the base of 
the largest Egyptian pyramid, has been the residence of 
many eminent statesmen. That distinguished artist, Inigo 
Jones, formed a plan for the buildings, but the two centre 
houses (formerly one) on the west side, are the only 
specimens erected. On its south side stands the Royal 
College of Surgeons; on the north, Sir John Soane's 
museum. It was in this square that Lord Russell was 
beheaded. ^ . 



158 SQUARES. 



QUEEN SQUARE 

Consists of three sides, with a small enclosed garden to 
the south, and is adorned with a statue of Queen Anne, 
whence it derived its name. The houses on three of the 
sides were erected about 1/20; the fourth is open to 
Guildford street. In the south-west corner is the church 
of St. George the Martyr. 

PORTLAND PLACE, 

Famed for its width and regularity, is 125 feet from side 
to side, and terminates at Park crescent. It is faced by a 
statue of the late Duke of Kent, erected by public sub- 
scription as a tribute to his patriotic virtue. The statue 
is of bronze, and is placed upon a granite pedestal. The 
likeness is considered excellent — the costume that of a 
field marshal, over which are the ducal robes and the 
collar of the order of the garter. 

BELCRAVE SQUARE, 

Pimlico, was commenced in 1825, on the estate of the 
Marquis of Westminster, and is now one of the most 
distinguished ornaments of the metropolis, being 864 feet 
long, and 617 broad: the houses, large, handsome, and 
uniform, are adorned with Corinthian columns. 

EATON SQUARE, 

Situated to the south-east of Belgrave square, is a 
parallelogram, 1,637 feet by 371. At the north end is 
St. Peter's church, designed by Mr. Hakewill. 

BLOOMSBURY SQUARE, 

On the north side of High Holborn ; it is 408 yards in 
circumference. Bedford House formerly occupied the 
north side. To forward the improvements, this house 
and gardens were sold, and the whole site is now built 
on, by the formation of Russell, Tavistock, and Euston 
squares. Opposite the monument of the Duke of Bedford 
is a fine co^os^l statue of the Rt. Hon. Charles James 



SQUARES. — ALBANY. 159 

Fox, executed in bronze by Westmacott, and elevated on 
several steps resting on a pedestal of granite. 

EUSTON SQUARE, 

New road, situated to the north of Tavistock square ; it 
is 143 yards by 248. The north side is a uniform range 
of building, erected about 1812. On the east side is St. 
Pancras New Church. 

FITZROY SQUARE, 

Near the Regent's park. The houses on the south and 
east sides are faced with stone, and have a greater pro- 
portion of architectural excellence and embellishments, 
than most others in the metropolis. 

HANOVER SQUARE, 

Built soon after the accession of the house of Hanover. 
On the east side of the square is a colossal bronze statue 
of Pitt, by Chantrey, 12 feet in height, placed on a granite 
pedestal 15 feet high. 

PORTMAN SQUARE, 

Consists of large and elegant mansions. It was begun 
in 1764, and was not completed for twenty years. The 
north-west angle is closed by the late Mrs. Montague's 
residence. Several of the nobility reside here. 

THE ALBANY, 

Piccadilly, formerly the residence of the Duke of 
York, was erected by Sir W. Chambers. After his royal 
highness left it, it was partly taken down, and its site and 
gardens were covered with buildings, forming the present 
establishment. Apartmeuts are here let to the nobility, 
and others having no town establishment. The building 
extends to Burlington gardens, and has a porter's lodge 
at each end, but is not a public thoroughfare. 



160 



CLUB HOUSES. 



SUBSCRIPTION, OR CLUB HOUSES, 

Are establishments frequented by political, naval and 
military, literary and scientific, and fashionable characters, 
who meet for the purposes of reading, conversation, 
refreshment, &c. No one can be admitted who has not 
been elected according to the regulations of the society. 
The usual terms of entrance, are from ten to twenty 
guineas ; annual subscriptions, from five to ten guineas. 
There are about thirty-six principal clubs in London, 
embracing probably, not fewer than 20,000 members. 
These clubs are in addition to a great number of literary 
and scientific associations in the metropolis. 




UNIVERSITY CLUB HOUSE, 

Suffolk street, Pall Mall East, erected in 1824, from 
the designs of Messrs. Wilkins and Derings. It has the 
advantage of two fronts, one to Suffolk street, the other 
to Pall Mall East, which is the principal. The edifice is 
ornamented by a series of antae above the rusticated base- 
ment, surmounted by an entablature cornice and parapet, 
in the form of a continued pedestal. The staircase is 



CLUB HOUSES. 



161 



particularly handsome ; the walls are adorned with casts 
from the frieze of the Parthenon, and the light is intro- 
duced in a novel and admirable manner. The apartments, 
which are fitted up with elegance, comprise breakfast, 
coffee, and dining rooms, a saloon, and library. The 
University Club is composed of members of the universi- 
ties of Oxford and Cambridge, elected by close ballot, for 
the purpose of keeping the society select. 

TRAVELLERS' CLUB, 

106, Pall Mall, rebuilt in 1832, by Mr. Barry, is a 
beautiful elevation, at once simple and imposing, the back 
front presenting a Palladian design of great elegance. 

THE LITERARY UNION, 

12, Waterloo place, now remodelled under the title 
of the Clarence Club. 




THE ATHEN/EUM CLUB, 

Pall Mall, on the site of Carlton Palace, from designs 
of Mr. Decimus Burton, was instituted in 1824, for the 
association of individuals known for their scientific or 

p 2 



162 



CLUB HOUSES. 



literary attainments, artists of eminence in any class of 
the fine arts, and noblemen and gentlemen distinguished 
as liberal patrons of science and literature. It is an 
elegant edifice of Grecian architecture. The frieze is an 
exact copy of the Panathenaic procession, which formed 
the frieze of the Parthenon. Over the portico is a copy 
of the statue of Minerva by Bailey. The house is open 
to the members every day, from nine o'clock in the fore- 
noon till two in the morning. 

THE JUNIOR UNITED SERVICE CLUB HOUSE, 

Corner of Charles street, Regent street, is adorned 
with a basso relievo, representing Britannia distributing 
rewards to naval and military heroes. It was built by 
Smirke. 







UNITED SERVICE CLUB HOUSE. 

Numerous as are the splendid specimens of architecture 
which adorn the western end of the metropolis, few 
surpass, either in their external or internal embellish- 
ments, the club houses, among which the United Service 
Club House may rank as a building of the first magnitude. 



CLUB HOUSES. 



163 



It is of the Doric order, and consists of a rusticated base- 
ment, upon which rises the principal story. The windows 
lighting the grand apartment, are beautifully executed 
with architrave and frieze, surmounted by triangular pedi- 
ments. The entrance is by a noble portico of eight double 
Doric columns, having their entablature adorned with 
try glyphs, and running round the building. 

In Trafalgar square are the Junior University and the 
Union ; in St. James's street, Arthur's, Boodle's, White's, 
the St. James's, and the Junior St. James's; the Conser- 
vative, the West India, Brookes' s, the Guards, the Albion, 
Graham's, and 




CROCKFORD'S CLUB HOUSE, 

St. James's street. This building was erected from 
designs by Messrs. Wyatt. It consists of a lofty ground 
story, lighted by five Venetian windows ; from this rises 
the principal story, containing the same number of French 
windows, ornamented by entablatures. A splendid staircase, 
panelled with scagliola of various colours, and adorned with 
Corinthian columns, leads to the upper rooms. These con- 
sist of an ante-room, a saloon or drawing-room, a cabinet 
or boudoir, and a supper-room, all adorned with curious 



164 THE REFORM CLUB HOUSE. 

panelling, gilding, looking glasses, &c., in a style of great 
splendour. The entrance to the building is by a flight of 
steps to the level of the ground floor; beneath is an extensive 
basement story, comprising the domestic apartments and 
offices, which is separated from the street by a handsome 
stone balustrade, on the pedestals of which are raised a series 
of bronzed tripods, supporting as many octagonal lanterns. 
In St. James's square, the Wyndham, Colonial, and the 
Army and Navy Clubs. The Clarence, Waterloo place; the 
Oriental, Hanover square ; the Portland, Stratford place, 
Oxford street; the Royal Naval, New Bond street; the 
Alfred, Albemarle street ; the Parthenon and the " Cercle 
des Strangers," Regent street. Proceeding eastwards, we 
find the Westminster Chess Club in the Strand; theGarrick, 
in King street, Covent Garden; the City Conservative, in 
Threadneedle street ; the City of London, in Broad street ; 
and the Gresham, in King William street. 

THE JUNIOR CONSERVATIVE CLUB HOUSE, 

St. James's street, occupies the site of the Thatched 
House Tavern, and forms a prominent architectural 
feature; the design is by Mr. S. Smirke, and Mr. G. 
Basevi, Jun. It has the largest facade in the metropolis ; 
the front consists of two stories or orders; the lower 
rusticated and without columns, except at each wing; the 
upper is Corinthian, and has entire but attached columns 
upon the podium; the entablature is surmounted by a 
balustrade ; in the inner intercolumniations are windows 
with enriched dressings and pediments ; over the windows, 
and ranging with the capitals of the columns, is a frieze of 
sculptured foliage, for the most part of a classical character, 
but having the imperial crown encircled by an oak wreath 
occasionally introduced. The front is of uniform height, 
but the wings are slightly advanced ; in each wing the lower 
order is Roman Doric; the front of the building is of Caen 
stone. 

the reform club house, 
Pall mall, is a large and handsome stone building, 
with Ionic columns, in the Italian style of architecture, 
surrounded by a stone balustrade : the entrance is ap- 



APSLEY HOUSE. 



165 




proached by a flight of stone steps to a most magnificent 
hall, the gallery of which is supported by twenty fluted 
scagliola columns, in imitation of Sienna marble, of the 
Ionic order, with red porphyry bases. The centre of the 
hall has a tesselated pavement in imitation of the old 
Roman mosaic. The gallery contains a portrait of Lord 
Holland, and is approached by a splendid staircase of white 
veined marble covered with rich carpeting. The other 
panels in the gallery are intended to contain portraits of the 
leading Reformers. The dome above is supported from the 
gallery with twenty columns of the Corinthian order. The 
walls are of scagliola, in imitation of various rare and an- 
tique marbles, and are richly ornamented. The drawing 
room occupies the whole of the south side, the ceiling and 
walls of which are superbly ornamented. In the hall, 
opposite the entrance, is a bust of her present Majesty. 



APSLEY HOUSE, 



Hyde park corner, is the town residence of the Duke 
of Wellington, who in 1828 and 1829, caused it to be 
enlarged and re-modelled by B. Wyatt, Esq., so as to 
harmonize with the beauties which had sprung up around 



166 



MANSIONS. 




APSLKY HOUSE. 



it. The ornamental architecture is Corinthian ; the whole 
enclosed by a rich bronzed palisade. The ball room, ex- 
tending the whole depth of the mansion, and the picture 
gallery, are superb. The banqueting room is elegantly 
decorated, and richly gilt. The celebrated colossal statue 
of Napoleon, by Canova, is at the foot of the grand 
staircase. 

SUTHERLAND HOUSE, 

At the corner of the Green park, was commenced in the 
year 1825, from designs by Benjamin and Philip Wyatt, 
and was intended as the residence of the late Duke of 
York, at whose death it was purchased by the Duke of 
Sutherland. It is a beautiful quadrangular building, 
three stories in height, well situated for effect, and sur- 
mounted by a lantern in the roof, which serves to illumine 
the grand staircase. The ornamental part of its architec- 
ture is of the Corinthian order. The ground or basement 
floor contains the ordinary family apartments, fitted up 
with taste and elegance. The first floor contains the state 
apartments, which are most magnificently furnished and 
adorned. 



MANSIONS. 



167 




NORTHUMBERLAND HOUSE, 

Charing cross, was built in the reign of James I. The 
bold front is surmounted by a lion, the crest of the Percy 
family. On entering the first gate, the four sides of the 
inner court are seen, faced with Portland stone ; and two 
wings, above 100 feet in length, extend from the garden 
front towards the river. A splendid marble staircase 
leads to the principal apartments, which consist of several 
spacious rooms, fitted up in the most elegant manner. 
They contain a large and valuable collection of pictures 
by the great masters; among them are the works of 
Raphael, Titian, Rubens, Vandyke, and others. The 
whole building lately underwent a thorough repair ; and 
the splendid interior contains furniture and decorations 
of modern taste and elegance. 

BURLINGTON HOUSE, 

Piccadilly, was the first noble mansion erected in 
Piccadilly. The front of this beautiful mansion is of 
stone, in two stories, the lower one rusticated, upon 
which rises the principal story, ornamented by three- 
quarter columns of the Ionic order. The apartments are 



168 MANSIONS. 

finished with great taste, and the staircase is painted by 
Sebastian Ricci. The whole of the building is obscured 
from public view by a lofty brick wall or screen. 

MELBOURNE HOUSE, 

Whitehall. This mansion is peculiarly distinguished 
by its large circular hall, probably the first of the kind in 
the metropolis. The back front of the edifice looks into 
the park, from which it is separated by a very agreeable 
garden. The portico, on the Whitehall side, is evidently 
unfitted for the building, to which it forms a principal 
entrance. 

SPENCER HOUSE, 

St. James's place, the family mansion of Earl Spencer, 
is a noble Palladian edifice, faced with Portland stone. 
The pediment of the front towards the Green park, is 
adorned with statues and vases very judiciously disposed. 
The principal ornament of the interior is the library, an 
elegant room, containing one of the finest collections of 
books in the kingdom. 

MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, 

Pall Mall, was erected in the reign of Queen Anne, 
as a testimonial of public approbation in favour of the 
great duke of that name. It is now the residence of the 
Queen Dowager. The wings are adorned with rustic 
stone work, and the interior is splendidly furnished. In 
the vestibule is a painting of the battle of Hochstet, in 
which the Duke of Marlborough, Prince Eugene, and 
Marshal Tallard, are represented. 

LANSDOWNE HOUSE, 

Berkeley square, with a gallery of antique statues, 
busts, &c, 100 feet in length, is one of the finest mansions 
in the metropolis. It is the residence of the Marquis of 
Lansdowne. 



LITERATURE. 169 

CHESTERFIELD HOUSE, 

South Audley street, contains a splendid staircase, 
brought from Canons, in Hertfordshire, and is one of the 
handsomest architectural elevations in London. It was 
designed and built by the celebrated Earl of Chesterfield. 

ANGLESEY HOUSE, 

A beautiful stone-fronted building in Burlington gar- 
dens, built originally for the Duke of Queensbury, by 
Leoni, an Italian. 



The town residences of the nobility are very numerous, 
but externally few can be called either grand or beautiful. 
Convenience and splendid decorations in their internal 
arrangements, are their chief claims to admiration. 



LITERATURE 

Has, of late years, made more sensible progress among 
the body of the people of this country, than within double 
that time at any known period. Men of all principles and 
political opinions, men of every shade of religious per- 
suasion, have joined hand in hand to create and encourage 
institutions tending to the diffusion of useful information, 
at the lowest possible expense, to the community at large. 
Their efforts have been crowned with the most gratifying 
success, and the degree in which they have secured the 
object more immediately in view — to create a taste for the 
acquirement of knowledge among the mechanical and 
labouring classes — has surpassed their expectations. The 
taste for reading works of permanent interest has given a 
new impulse to intellect; and the London press now 
teems with thousands of works, which become gradually 
dispersed among the industrious classes. 

Literary and scientific institutions are established in 
different parts of the metropolis (and, indeed, in almost 

Q 



1/0 PUBLIC PRESS. 

every town throughout England), upon a principle of 
co-operation that secures to all a variety of advantages, 
not one of which could be attained by an individual at 
twenty times the expense. 

In almost all parts of the metropolis, book societies 
and public libraries have been established upon judicious 
principles, tending to give a wholesome direction and a 
salutary stimulus to the minds of their members ; while 
circulating libraries, purged, to a great extent, of trashy 
novels, have, comparatively, little dependence but on a 
just selection of works of merit and of moral influence. 
The establishment of parochial libraries by the Society 
for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, under the 
direction of ministers of parishes — the efforts of the Bible 
Society — the indefatigable labours of the Church Mission- 
ary Society, and the Religious Tract Society — and various 
other institutions of similar character, have all tended to 
keep alive and to increase the moral spirit, which urges 
the people to oppose a praiseworthy resolution to the evils 
of poverty which surround them. 

History and science are the leading objects of inquiry 
at the present time : the latter is considerably facilitated 
and encouraged by the delivery of lectures, accompanied 
with experimental illustrations, at all public and private 
institutions. 

General literature is also greatly promoted by the 
extended influence of the periodical press. Reviews, 
magazines, journals, &c, have increased almost beyond 
belief; and as science has reduced the mechanical ex- 
penses of the press, the gain has been directed to the 
improvement of its intellectual department. 

PUBLIC PRESS. 

There is no place in the world where so much import- 
ance is attached to the public press as in London, as well 
perhaps from commercial as from political causes. The 
first talent in the kingdom is devoted to its support ; and 
the leading journals receive gratuitous contributions from 
the chief men of all parties. There are about seventy 



PUBLIC PRESS. 171 

papers published through the week — six daily morning 
and six daily evening papers ; from twenty to thirty Sa- 
turday and Sunday papers ; and the remainder on different 
days in the week. The price varies according to size, &c, 
from threepence-halfpenny to tenpence, stamped. All 
hotels, taverns, and coffee houses, take in a variety of 
these papers for the use of those who frequent their 
rooms. There are in most neighbourhoods news-venders, 
who will supply any paper at your house without addi- 
tional charge ; or lend it to read to such as do not wish to 
preserve the papers, at the rate of twopence per hour. 

The London papers possess one great quality in com- 
mon — that of detailing all the principal events that are 
transpiring in our own and other countries ; and differ 
chiefly in their speculative conclusions from the facts. 
We may, however, just remark, that the Times and Morn- 
ing Herald are on the largest scale of the daily papers, 
and vie with each other in giving the earliest news from 
abroad — the Times, however, invariably taking the lead ; 
and both of them attached to the Conservative interest. 
The Morning Post, Conservative also, has rather a 
fashionable celebrity, from its account of the movements 
of the court, and of families of rank. The Morning 
Chronicle is considered as the organ of the Whig party ; 
and the Morning Advertiser is devoted to the " Liberals." 
The evening papers are less distinct ; the Sun, rather fa- 
vourable to the Whigs, is on the largest scale, and gives 
the leading articles of the morning papers, with a con- 
siderable City and money article, and a detail of the state 
of the markets. It is a desirable paper for the country, 
and for foreign mercantile houses. The Courier and the 
Globe are understood to be immediately under the guid- 
ance of the Treasury ; and the Standard is the devoted 
organ of the Conservative party. 

The expenses of a morning paper are very considerable. 
The salaries of the editor, sub-editors, translators, par- 
liamentary reporters, collectors of general information, 
foreign and domestic correspondents, agents and clerks, 
compositors, cost of machine work, &c, amount, in some 



172 CIRCULATING LIBRARIES. 

cases, to from ,£500 to £600 weekly. All stamped 
papers may be sent, post free, to any part of the king- 
dom, in covers open at each end, for eight days after 
publication. 

To a stranger who may have some knowledge of the 
ordinary manner in which printing presses are worked, a 
visit to the printing room of the Times office will be a 
high treat. From five to eight o'clock in the morning, 
the steam press is at work, carrying on the process with 
magical speed, and with inconceivable neatness and regu- 
larity ; piles of plain sheets are in a few minutes trans- 
formed into well-printed papers, and without any human 
agency beyond the placing of the sheets near the rollers, 
and carrying them off as they descend. Great courtesy 
exists among the members of this flourishing establish- 
ment ; and a polite request to visit it will be met by a 
ready acquiescence. Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, 
between three and five o'clock, will be found most fa- 
vourable, the entire establishment being then in active 
employment. 

Parties either in town or country should order their 
papers through one or other of the many newsvenders : 
regularity and dispatch will be thereby insured. 

Country Papers. — For information, or to see copies, 
we refer the stranger to the general agents, and to the 
Chapter coffee house, St. Paul's; Peele's coffee house, 
177* Fleet Street; Deacon's, 3, Walbrook; Newton and 
Co.'s, 2, Warwick square ; and Barker's, 33, Fleet street. 

Foreign Papers may be had regularly, and with a 
trifling extra charge, by application to Messrs. Cowie and 
Co., St. Ann's lane, St. Martin's le Grand. 

CIRCULATING LIBRARIES, 

First established in Great Britain in 1725, by Allan 
Ramsay, of Edinburgh, have since so universally spread, 
that there is now scarcely a town or village through the 
country unprovided with one or more. In London they 
are very numerous, and of every scale as to price and 



ROYAL SOCIETY OF LITERATURE. 173 

utility, from fifteen or twenty shillings a year, up to as 
many pounds. 

These libraries are on a system that, while it advances 
the interests of the proprietors, contributes to the comfort 
and convenience of parties, whose visits are temporary. 
The following are well conducted, and can be recom- 
mended : — Andrews, Bond street ; Booth, Duke street, 
Portland place ; Bull, Holies street, Cavendish square ; 
Cawthorn, Cockspur street; Lowe, Lamb's Conduit 
street; Cotes, Cheapside; Churton, Holies street, Ca- 
vendish square ; Creswell, Crawford street ; Ebers, Bond 
street ; Hookham, Bond street ; Hodgson, Great Maryle- 
bone street ; Home, Cheapside ; Hebert, Cheapside ; 
Mitchell, Bond street; M'Clary, St. James's street; 
Ollivier, Pall mall; Paine, High street, Marylebone; 
Sams, St. James's street ; Seguin, Regent street ; Saun- 
ders and Otley, Conduit street; Spencer, Holborn; 
Swale, Great Russell street ; and IJicks, Crawford street. 

READING ROOMS 

Are numerous. Clubs, institutions, and coffee houses 
have them attached. Many of the public subscription 
libraries have also rooms, where the newest publications, 
papers, reviews, magazines, &c, are to be found. 

THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LITERATURE, 

St. Martin's place, Trafalgar square, com- 
menced proceedings, under the patronage of George IV., 
and the superintendence of the Bishop of Salisbury, in 
June, 1823. Its design is the advancement of literature, 
as conducing to the interest and happiness of mankind, 
by the publication of inedited remains of ancient litera- 
ture, and of such works as may be of great intrinsic 
value, but not of that popular character which usually 
claims the attention of publishers, — by the promotion of 
discoveries in literature, — by endeavouring, as far as prac- 
ticable, to fix the standard, and to preserve the purity of 
our language, — by the critical improvement of lexico- 
graphy, — by the reading, at public meetings, of interest- 
ed 2 



174 THE ROYAL INSTITUTION. 

ing papers on history, philosophy, philology, and the arts, 
and the publication of such of those papers as shall be 
approved of in the society's transactions, — and by estab- 
lishing a correspondence with learned men in foreign 
countries, for the purpose of literary inquiry and informa- 
tion. Meetings are held at four o'clock, every other 
Thursday in the year, with the exception of a short re- 
cess during the summer. Attendance by the clerk daily, 
from one to five o'clock. 

THE LITERARY FUND SOCIETY, 

73, Great Russell street, founded 1790, incor- 
porated by royal charter in 1818, for the relief of authors 
of learning or genius, who may be in temporary want or 
distress, and of their widows and orphans. The president 
is the Marquis of Lansdowne. The sum actually applied 
to the relief of authors from its first foundation to the 
present time, is upwards of ^27,800. 

THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF GREAT BRITAIN, 

21, Albemarle street, founded for the promotion, 
diffusion, and extension of science and useful knowledge, 
in the year 1800. Patron, Her Most Gracious Majesty, 
Queen Victoria. The objects of the Royal Institution 
are to diffuse the knowledge and facilitate the introduc- 
tion of useful inventions and improvements ; and to teach, 
by courses of lectures and experiments, the application 
of science to the common purposes of life. Its principal 
features are : — 

1. A theatre for public lectures, intended to convey 
that kind of information which cannot be readily gained 
from books or private instruction alone, not only in the 
physical sciences and arts of life, but in literature and the 
fine arts. Of these lectures there are several courses in 
each season, by the professors of the institution, and by 
other eminent individuals. — 2. A laboratory, for the pro- 
motion and advancement of chemical knowledge, as ap- 
plicable to the great purposes of life in arts and manu- 
factures, by experiments and original investigations, and 



LONDON LITERARY INSTITUTION. 175 

by courses of practical lectures. — 3. A copious library, 
richly furnished with the best authors in all languages, 
containing not only the important scientific works of 
every age, but the treasures of ancient and modern litera- 
ture, of art and antiquity. — 4. A museum, containing a 
mineralogical collection, chiefly composed of British spe- 
cimens, calculated to afford the means of acquiring mine- 
ralogical and geological information, and to promote the 
knowledge of, and search after, the subterraneous riches 
of the British islands. — 5. Weekly meetings of the mem- 
bers of the institution, which are held on every Friday 
evening, during the season, and to which the members 
have the privilege of introducing by tickets two of their 
friends. Prospectuses may be had at the institution. 

THE LONDON INSTITUTION, 
Finsbury circus. The objects contemplated by this in- 
stitution were the formation of an extensive miscellaneous 
library of the most valuable works in all languages, an- 
cient and modern — the establishing of reading rooms for 
periodicals, and foreign and domestic journals — and the 
diffusion of knowledge by means of lectures and experi- 
ments. Proprietors have each a transferable ticket, ad- 
mitting the bearer to all parts of the premises. 

THE RUSSELL INSTITUTION, 

55, Great Coram street, Russell square, was 
founded in the year 1808, for purposes similar to those 
of the London Institution. It has a library, a newspaper 
room, and a theatre for lectures. In the library is a fine 
picture of the first sight of the sea, in the Retreat of the 
Ten Thousand, painted by Haydon, and presented by 
the Duke of Bedford, the patron of the institution, in 
1836. 

THE CITY OF LONDON LITERARY INSTITUTION, 

165, Aldersgate street, established in 1825, is based 
upon similar principles to the Royal Institution, and con- 
sists of library and reading rooms, public experimental 



176 THE MECHANICS' INSTITUTION. 

lectures, and classes for instruction in languages. Sub- 
scription, two guineas per annum. 

THE WESTERN LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTION, 

47, Leicester square, established in 1825. This in- 
stitution was founded for the purpose of diffusing useful 
and entertaining knowledge among persons engaged in 
commercial and professional pursuits. The method by 
which it accomplishes these objects are the following : — 

Lectures, by distinguished professors of art, science, 
and literature. — Reading rooms, supplied with the morn- 
ing and evening newspapers, magazines, reviews, and all 
the leading periodicals. — A library of circulation and re- 
ference, containing upwards of 7000 volumes. — Classes, 
for the acquisition of the sciences and languages, under 
the instruction of competent professors. — Discussion 
meetings, to facilitate the art of public speaking. Terms 
of subscription: half-yearly, one guinea; annually, two 

guineas. 

THE MECHANICS' INSTITUTION, 

29, Southampton buildings, Chancery lane, 
established in 1823, by the late George Birkbeck, Esq., 
M.D. This institution is established for the purpose of 
enabling mechanics and others to become acquainted with 
those branches of science and art that are of practical ap- 
plication in the exercise of their trades and professions. 
The library for circulation contains upwards of 6000 vo- 
lumes, including works on every branch of science as well 
as general literature : and the most important reviews and 
periodicals are regularly supplied. The reading room is 
open from ten o'clock in the morning until ten in the 
evening ; and, in addition to the accommodation which it 
affords for the perusing of works in the library, it is sup- 
plied with morning and evening newspapers, for the read- 
ing of which the room is opened at nine o'clock in the 
morning. 

Classes are conducted on the principle of mutual in- 
struction, by the members delivering lectures on the 
various branches of the physical sciences, and by illus- 



LAW INSTITUTION. 177 

trating the principles with suitable apparatus. The literary 
composition class meets on Tuesday evenings, for the 
purpose of reading essays and discussion. — French con- 
versation class. Those members who wish to extend their 
knowledge of the French language may join this class, on 
application to M. Ragon, on Tuesday evenings. The 
museum is furnished with extensive collections of speci- 
mens, arranged to illustrate the sciences of mineralogy, 
geology, &c, as well as with suitable apparatus and in- 
struments for illustrating the mechanical and chemical 
sciences, &c. &c. There is also a modelling class, which 
has a collection of casts in plaster, which may be referred 
to by those members w 7 hose trades are connected with 
design. — Two evenings in every week are appropriated to 
the delivery of public lectures, which comprehend com- 
plete series of the sciences, pure as well as mixed, by 
professors of acknowledged reputation and talent. 

The theatre, consisting of a spacious pit and gallery, 
capable of accommodating one thousand persons, may be 
engaged for public meetings : terms may be obtained on 
application to the secretary of the institution. 

The subscription is one pound four shillings yearly, or 
six shillings quarterly, and two shillings and sixpence 
entrance, paid in advance. Members may also be ad- 
mitted at the half-quarter. Sons and apprentices of 
members have the privilege of attending either the even- 
ing classes or the lectures, at three shillings per quarter. 
Ladies are admitted to the lectures and use of the circu- 
lating library, at five shillings per quarter ; or to attend 
the lectures only, at three shillings per quarter. A sub- 
scription of ten pounds constitutes the donor an honorary 
member for life. 

Similar institutions have been formed in Marylebone, 
Islington, Camberwell, Lambeth, Chelsea, Stepney, and 
other places in the metropolis. 

LAW INSTITUTION, 
Chancery lane, established in 1825. In 1829, a 
splendid building was commenced for the purposes of this 



17» CHARITABLE SOCIETIES. 

institution, from designs by Mr. Vulliamy. It is capa- 
cious and elegant. The front portico, supported by six 
columns of the Ionic order, forms a striking and rather 
singular feature in the dingy aspect of Chancery lane. The 
interior, which is judiciously arranged, comprises a grand 
hall, library, club room, office of registry, room for com- 
mittee meetings, and lecture room> The building occu- 
pies a frontage of 60 feet, with a depth of 1 40. 

Besides these, there are many other institutions of con- 
siderable interest, on limited principles. 

The Linnean Society, 32, Soho square. 

The Royal Asiatic Society, 14, Grafton street, Bond street. 

The Entomological Society, 17, Old Bond street. 

The Horticultural Society, office, 23, Regent street. 

The Medico-botanical Society, 32, Sackville street. 

The Geological Society, Somerset house. 

The Royal Geographical Society, 3, Waterloo place. 

The Phrenological Institution, 8, King William street, Strand. 

The Mathematical Society, 37, Crispin street, Spitalfields. 

The Medical Society, 3, Bolt Court, Fleet street. 

The Royal Medical-chirurgical Society, 53, Berners street. 

The Society of Civil Engineers, Cannon row, Westminster. 

The Philharmonic Society, Queen's concert rooms, Haymarket. 

Societa Armonica, for concerts, Hanover square rooms. 

The Society of British Musicians, Hanover square rooms. 

The Sacred Harmonic Society, Exeter hall. 

CHARITABLE SOCIETIES. 

Society for the Suppression of Vice, 57, Lincoln's-inn fields. 

for the Extinction of the Slave Trade, 15, Parliament street, 
for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Lincoln's-inn fields. 
Naval and Military Bible, 32, Sackville street, 
for Enlarging and Building Churches, St. Martin's place, 

Trafalgar square, 
for Promoting Christianity among the Jews, Exeter Hall, 

Strand, 
of Guardians for the Protection of Trade, 2, Charlotte row, 

Mansion house, 
for Distributing Religious Books to the Poor, 19, Paternoster 

row. 
for propagating the Gospel in Foreign parts, 67, Lincoln's inn 

fields, 
for Sunday Schools, 60, Paternoster row. 
for providing Parochial Libraries, 19, Paternoster row. 
for propagating Christianity in the Highlands of Scotland, 25, 

Fenchurch street, 
for the Relief of Foreigners in Distress, London Wall, 
for the Relief and Discharge of Persons Confined for Small 

Debts, 7, Craven street, Strand. 



UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, 17$ 

Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline, 18, Aldermanbury. 
Royal Humane, 3, Trafalgar square, 
for the Suppression of Mendicity, 13, Red Lion square. 
Baptist Missionary, 6, Fen court, Fenchurch street. 
Church Missionary, 14, Salisbury square, Fleet street, 
London Missionary, 8, Blomfield street, Finsbury. 
Hibernian, Exeter Hall. 
Wesleyan Missionary, Bishopsgate street. 
Religious Tract, 56, Paternoster row. 
Moravian, 97, Hatton garden, and 33, Ely place. 
Prayer Book and Homily, Exeter Hall, Strand, 
for the prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Exeter hall. 
Protestant Association, Exeter hall. 
Caledonian, Caledonian road, Islington, 



EDUCATION, 

In its widest sense, is spread over the metropolis. Schools 
amply endowed for the gratuitous education of many 
thousands already existed ; — parish schools, supported by 
voluntary contributions, were also numerous ; seminaries 
and preparatory schools abounded, but from all such the 
pupil was ushered forth " but half made up," and the 
higher walks of learning could only be attained by a 
course at Oxford or Cambridge, at an expense far beyond 
the means of many who only required proper cultivation 
of mind to render them stars of the first magnitude in the 
literary firmament. To remedy this evil, 

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, 

Gower street, was established. The first stone of 
this edifice was laid by the Duke of Sussex, on the 30th 
of April, 1827. The building consists of what is ulti- 
mately to form the central part, from which will project 
two wings of appropriate style and proportion. It is 430 
feet in length, by, in some parts, 200 in width. In the 
centre is a bold portico, of the Corinthian order, elevated 
on a plinth to the height of the first story. The approach 
is by a flight of steps of the full width of the portico, ter- 
minated by twelve Corinthian pillars, supporting a pedi- 
ment, in which is a basso relievo, emblematical of Science 
and Literature. Behind the portico, in the centre of the 



180 



UNIVERSITY COLLEGE 




building, rises a cupola, surmounted by a lantern, in imi- 
tation of a Grecian temple. To the north is the museum 
of natural history, 118 feet by 50, communicating with 
the museum of anatomy, which contains an excellent 
collection of preparations, several mummies, a valuable 
series of designations of morbid structure, &c. To the 
south of the vestibule is the library, of the same dimen- 
sions as the museum of natural history. There are also 
numerous rooms for professors, apparatus, theatres for 
lectures, laboratories, museums, &c. The plan of educa- 
tion comprises public lectures, examination by the pro- 
fessors, mutual instruction, with the aid of tutors. The 
professors derive their income principally from the fees 
paid by their pupils. Connected with the institution is 
a preparatory school, where the early branches of educa- 
tion are acquired on moderate terms. This college is 
exclusively of a literary and professional character, and 
offers its advantages to all the various denominations of 
religion, no subscription to articles being required, nor 
any theological principles taught within its walls. Persons 
of respectable appearance are freely admitted to inspect 
the building. 



LANCASTERIAN AND NATIONAL SCHOOLS. 181 
KING'S COLLEGE, 

Strand. The building, from designs by Sir Robert 
Smirke, forms the east wing of Somerset house, with an 
entrance from the Strand. The opening of the University 
College, Gower street, gave rise to this establishment, 
the object of which is to supply a liberal education, blended 
with instruction according to the principles of the church 
of England. It is patronised by the dignitaries of the 
church and a great number of the nobility, and has 
received a royal charter; Government having presented 
the ground on which the building is erected. Comprising 
all that is necessary in a public college, it consists of three 
departments. 1st. General literature and science. 2d. 
Engineering, architecture, arts, and manufactures. 3d. 
Medical. The school comprises religious and moral in- 
struction, in conformity with the principles of the estab- 
lished church. The general age of admission is from 
nine to sixteen years. There is annually a public distri- 
bution of prizes. 

NATIONAL SOCIETY SCHOOLS. 
This Society was incorporated by royal charter in 1817, 
" for promoting the education of the poor in the principles 
of the established church." The object is to provide, if 
possible, for every parish in the kingdom, the means of 
daily instruction in sound Christian principles; and to 
realise the hope expressed with so much Christian feeling 
by the venerable George III., " that a time might come, 
when every poor man in his dominions would be able to 
read his bible." 

Total number of National Schools in the metropolis, 
amounts to about 250, instructing 40,000 children. The 
principal school is in the Sanctuary, Westminster, which 
may be visited by any person of respectability. 

BRITISH AND FOREIGN SCHOOL SOCIETY. 
Central school, Borough road, Southwark, is open at 
all times to visitors. The object of the society is the pro- 
motion of daily instruction among the children of the 
labouring poor. There are at present 167 schools, in- 
structing 23,823 children in London and its vicinity. 



182 



CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 



SUNDAY SCHOOLS 

Extend the blessing of education to nearly 100,000 chil- 
dren, whose time, being fully occupied in labour during 
the week, leaves them no other opportunity to receive in- 
struction than by devoting a portion of the Sabbath to its 
attainment. They regularly attend public worship ; and 
are taught to entertain a proper sense of religion and 
morality. The teachers visit the children at their homes 
during the week days, and endeavour to impress upon the 
parents' minds the necessity of their co-operation in 
watching over their conduct, and encouraging them in 
their application to study. There are within the limits of 
the metropolis, 487 schools, and 9,507 gratuitous teachers, 
who perform their labour from a sense of duty, engendered 
by a true spirit of Christianity. 




CHRIST'S HOSPITAL, 

Newgate street, commonly called the Blue Coat 
School, from the long blue garment, in lieu of coat, worn 
by the boys, was founded by Edward the Sixth, for " the 
innocent and fatherless." There are on the foundation 



Christ's hospital 183 

nearly 1300 children, 500 of the younger of whom are 
educated at an establishment in the town of Hertford. 
The lord mayor and corporation of London are governors 
of this institution, which is one of the five royal hospitals 
that are under the guardianship of the corporation of 
London. 

The building is very irregular, and occupies the site of 
the ancient friary of Franciscans, founded in 1225, the 
ancient cloisters of which, serving as a place of recreation 
for the boys in wet weather, have been lately replaced by 
others, occupying nearly the same site. The masonry of 
these is remarkably fine. The south front, adjoining 
Newgate street, is ornamented with Doric pilasters, and a 
statue of the young founder. A new and commodious 
hall has lately been built, from designs by John Shaw, 
Esq. It is of the Tudor style of architecture, and is one 
of the noblest buildings in the metropolis. Several houses 
in Newgate street have been removed, so as to make the 
hall a striking feature in the public eye. This may now 
be considered the principal entrance to the establishment. 
Several of the wards, and other portions of the structure, 
have been rebuilt in a style beautifully corresponding 
with the more ancient parts of the edifice. 

In the spacious apartment where the governors meet, 
are portraits of Edward VI. by Holbein, and of the prin- 
cipal benefactors to the institution. 

The annual expenditure exceeds ^40,000. The dress 
of the boys consists of a long dark blue cloth tunic, made 
close to the body down to the waist, and descending 
loosely and open in front, to the ankles; yellow under 
coat ; yellow worsted stockings ; drab knee breeches ; a 
small, round, flat worsted cap, which is more frequently 
carried in the hand than worn on the head ; and a leathern 
belt round the waist. Their food is plain but wholesome, 
and their dormitories spacious and cleanly. They are 
principally instructed so as to fit them for merchants' 
counting houses and trades. Four boys are annually sent 
to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. A most 
interesting ceremony takes place at the meeting of the 



184 



CITY OF LONDON SCHOOL. 



boys to supper, every Sunday evening, during Lent, at 
six o'clock, to which strangers are admitted by tickets, 
easily obtained from persons connected with the institu- 
tion. When the supper is terminated, they retire " 
procession, bowing to the company. 



in 




THE CITY OF LONDON SCHOOL. 

This new and handsome structure, is in the rear of the 
houses facing Bow church, in Cheapside. It was opened 
for the benevolent and important purposes for which it 
was designed, in February, 1837. The design of the 
school, by James Bunstone Bunning, Esq., architect to 
the Foundling Hospital. It is an imposing building, in 
what is familiarly termed the old English style, of the 
Elizabethan age, the principal windows and entrance 
being of an earlier period, and more enriched character. 
With the exception of the chief part of the centre com- 
partment of the principal front, which is nearly all stone, 
it is executed in brick, with stone dressings. The porch 
of the centre is novel, and well followed out. The interior 
is highly effective, the entrance being by a splendid hall. 



THE GRESHAM COLLEGE. 185 

This school was established by the corporation of Lon- 
don, in the year 1834, and was erected at their expense on 
the site of ground formerly occupied by Honey lane 
market, Milk street, Cheapside. It is endowed with an 
annual sum towards its maintenance, derived from estates 
left by John Carpenter, town clerk of the city in the reign 
of Henry VI., and is under the government of the 
corporation and a committee chosen by them. 

The object of the school is to furnish a liberal and 
useful education for the sons of respectable persons who 
are engaged in professional, commercial, or trading pur- 
suits, without the necessity of removing them from the 
care and control of their parents; the general plan of 
instruction includes the English, Latin, Greek, French, and 
German languages; besides writing, arithmetic, book- 
keeping, geography, mathematics, history, and other 
incidental subjects. 

In honour of the founder, and as a further incentive to 
emulation amongst the pupils, eight free scholarships have 
been established, which are conferred as rewards for pro- 
ficiency and good conduct. A scholarship, called " The 
Times Scholarship/' is also attached to this school, for the 
benefit of pupils proceeding to the Universities of Oxford or 
C ambridge . The appointment to these f oun dation scholar- 
ships is also determined at the annual examination ; the 
candidates must be between eleven and fifteen years of 
age, and have been at least three years in the school ; the 
advantages of each scholarship are equal to £35 per 
annum, besides a premium of j£50 on leaving the school, 
if the pupil has continued therein three years after gain- 
ing the scholarship, and has maintained a certificate of merit 
and good conduct during that period from the head master. 

THE GRESHAM COLLEGE, 
Cateaton street, for the delivery of lectures, insti- 
tuted by Sir Thomas Gresham, on divinity, astronomy, 
music, geometry, law, physic, and rhetoric, during the law 
Terms, by Professors appointed by the Mercers* Com- 
pany and the Corporation of the City of London, as joint 



186 

trustees. The terms are five in each year, and are 
announced by advertisements in the daily journals. The 
present beautiful building is from the design of George 
Smith, Esq., architect to the Gresham Trust, and is of 
the Roman style, with an attached Corinthian portico. It 
contains a large Library, a Theatre capable of holding 
nearly 500 persons, together lvith separate apartments for 
the professors, housekeeper, and apparatus. The salary of 
each professor is £ 1 00 per annum. Admission gratuitous. 

WESTMINSTER SCHOOL, 
Dean's yard, Westminster, is a royal foundation, 
richly endowed and of great antiquity, under the name of 
St. Peter's College, where forty boys, called Queen's 
Scholars, and an unlimited number of other boys, are 
educated and prepared for the Universities of Oxford and 
Cambridge. 

In addition to a first rate classical education, this school 
has the advantage of four studentships to Christchurch, 
Oxford; and three or four scholarships to Trinity College, 
Cambridge, each year ; the emoluments arising from which, 
the students retain as long as they continue unmarried. 

The candidates for Queen's Scholars (who alone are 
eligible for the presentations to the universities) are elected 
from amongst the boys in the school, no patronage, except 
ability and good conduct, being necessary. 

After the Reformation, this school was refounded by 
Queen Elizabeth, and has produced men in each succeed- 
ing age, who by their talents have shed lustre upon their 
country, and done honour to the foundation from whence 
their education was derived. 

ST. PAUL'S SCHOOL, 

St. Paul's churchyard, founded 1509, by John 
Colet, D.D., Dean of St. Paul's, for 153 boys, all of 
whom receive their education gratuitously; and those who 
are admitted before the age of ten years, are eligible to 
exhibitions in the University of Cambridge, of which one, 
founded by Lord Camden, of the value of ^100 per 
annum, and two or more of ^.'75, are given away yearly, 



SlON COLLEGE. 187 

after a strict examination of the whole school by two 
examiners. 

The court of assistants of the mercers' company are the 
trustees and governors of the school. The system of 
instruction is chiefly classical. The building is from 
designs by G. Smith, Esq., consisting of a centre and 
wings, ornamented with a Corinthian portico. 

THE CHARTER HOUSE, 

Charter house square, was founded by Sir Walter 
Mauny as a priory for monks of the Carthusian order ; 
but, in 1611, Thomas Sutton converted it into an hospital 
for a master, preacher, second master, forty boys, and 
eighty pensioners, and endowed it with lands, at that time 
worth about ^5,000 per annum. The boys in the school 
are instructed in classical learning, and receive exhibitions 
on going to the universities. The pensioners have pro- 
visions, fire, lodging, a gown of black cloth, and an 
allowance in money. The buildings have an ancient 
appearance, and retain traces of the ancient monastery, 
and also of the improvements which were made during 
the reign of Elizabeth. In the hall is a full length 
portrait of the founder. His effigy is placed upon his 
tomb in the chapel; above which is represented a preacher 
in the act of addressing his auditory. 

MERCHANT TAYLORS' SCHOOL, 

Suffolk lane, Cannon street, founded 1567, and 
rebuilt 1675. Agreeably to the statutes, two hundred 
and fifty boys are educated at two guineas each per quar- 
ter. The present building consists of the school, a house 
for the head master, library, and a chapel, erected after 
the great fire in 1666, at the expense of the Merchant 
Taylors' Company, on the site of the former school, 
which had been destroyed. Several scholars are sent 
from this establishment to St. John's college, Oxford. 

SION COLLEGE, 

London wall, was founded by the Rev. Thomas White, 
in 1631, for the advantage of the clergy of London, the 



188 ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS. 

whole body of whom, within the City, are fellows thereof. 
The edifice consists of brick buildings, surrounding a 
square court. In the hall and library are a curious piece 
of antique plate, several portraits, and other paintings. 
Under the library are alms-houses for twenty poor persons. 

THE COLLEGE OF ARMS, 

Or Heralds' Office, is situated on the east side of 
Rennet's Hill, Doctors' Commons. The present building 
— a brick edifice, adorned with Ionic pilasters — was 
erected in the reign of Charles II. The corporation, 
founded in 1484, consists of thirteen members, under the 
control of the Duke of Norfolk, as hereditary Earl Marshal 
of England. These members are three kings of arms, six 
heralds, and four pursuivants. The kings are Garter, 
Clarenceux, and Norroy. The college contains a court 
of honour, a library, and apartments for the members, 
whose business it is to attend the queen on particular 
state occasions, to arrange state processions, make procla- 
mations, &c. The charges for searching for armorial 
bearings, &c, are moderate. 

THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS, 

Pall Mall East, was established by a charter granted 
by Henry the Eighth. The present structure was erected 
from designs by Sir R. Smirke. The portico, formed by 
six columns of the Ionic order, leads to a spacious hall and 
staircase. In the dining room, the floors of which are of 
polished oak, is a fine collection of portraits of eminent 
physicians. In the censor's room are portraits of Henry 
VIII., Cardinal Wolsey, and Linacre, the founder of the 
college; and marble busts of Sydenham, by Wotton, 
Mead, by Roubilliac, Baillie and Sir Henry Halford, by 
Chantrey. 

In the library is a fine bust of George the Fourth, by 
Chantrey, a present from the late Duke of York, and 
portraits of Harvey, the discoverer of the circulation of 
the blood, and Radcliffe. The walls of the theatre are 



ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS. 189 

also adorned with portraits, and a bust of Harvey by 
Scheemakers. 

Lectures are delivered annually, on Wednesday and 
Friday evenings, between Christmas and Easter. The 
Harveian oration is delivered annually on the twenty-fifth 
of June. 

The college consists of fellows and members ; the 
former are chosen from the body of members at an 
annual election. The college is empowered to examine, 
and grant licences to all persons duly qualified to practise 
physic in England and Wales, unless a licentiate in 
medicine of the Universities of Oxford or Cambridge, 
without which, no one can legally practise in these 
countries ; their jurisdiction, however, is principally con- 
fined to London, and within seven miles of the same. 

The qualifications for a candidate for examination as a 
member of the college, are, that he shall have been 
engaged for five years in the study of medicine, including 
three years' attendance on the physician's practice of a 
general hospital. 

ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, 

Lincoln's inn fields. Incorporated by royal charter in 
1800. The building presents in front a neat portico of the 
Ionic order. The splendid museum contains, among many 
valuable and curious subjects, the collection of the cele- 
brated anatomist, John Hunter, whose design, in his 
collection of comparative anatomy, was to exhibit the 
gradations of nature, from the most simple state in which 
life is found, to the more complex state of animal 
existence, by preserving in a dried state or in spirits, all 
the corresponding parts, so that the various links in the 
chain of a perfect being might be readily followed and 
easily understood. This collection, purchased by govern- 
ment, was committed to the care of the college, with the 
understanding that twenty-four lectures, illustrative of 
some of the preparations, should be delivered annually. 
Admittance may be obtained by an order of a member of 
the college ; Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thurs- 



190 



INSTITUTION FOR THE INDIGENT BLIND, 



days, between twelve and four o'clock, except the month 
of September, when it is closed. 

THE VETERINARY COLLEGE, 

College street, Camden town, was established in 
the year 1751. The grand object of the institution has 
been, and is, to form a school of veterinary science, in 
which the anatomical structure of quadrupeds of all kinds, 
horses, cattle, sheep, dogs, &c, the diseases to which they 
are subject, and the remedies proper to be applied, might 
be investigated and regularly taught. An association is 
held in the theatre of the college, every Tuesday evening, 
at seven o'clock, when various interesting subjects are 
discussed. Lectures are given daily. The buildings are 
extensive and well divided ; the stables are scientifically 
arranged ; and the theatre for dissection and the delivery 
of lectures exhibits, with the museum, a curious and nu- 
merous collection of anatomical preparations. 




THE INSTITUTION FOR THE INDIGENT BLIND, 

St. George's fields, was established in 1799. Here 
the most humane attention is paid to a number of our 
afflicted fellow- creatures, from twelve years of age and 



MAGDALEN HOSPITAL. 191 

upwards. They are taught to make baskets, cradles, 
clothes, boots, shoes, mats, and various other articles, 
which are sold at the school. The articles manufactured 
entirely by the hands of the blind persons last year, was 
sold for ^1743. lis. Sd. Strangers are admitted (gratis) 
to view the progress of the pupils, and to examine the 
nature of the institution. There are, usually* about 
seventy inmates of both sexes. The original building has 
lately been replaced by one upon a larger and more mag- 
nificent scale : the design of the new structure is Gothic, 
executed chiefly in white brick. The tower is rich, beau- 
tiful, and imposing ; not only a highly ornamental feature 
in itself, but imparting a sort of equilibrium to the entire 
composition, as, by breaking the long line of the front, it 
prevents it from appearing so low as it otherwise would, 
and gives positive loftiness to the centre. 

THE MAGDALEN HOSPITAL, 

Black friars road. Its object is the relief and re- 
formation of wretched outcasts from society. It was 
instituted through the benevolence of Mr.Douglas, in the 
year 1758, since which time more than two-thirds of the 
persons admitted to its benefits have been reconciled to 
their friends, or placed in respectable situations of life. 
Nearly five thousand unfortunate females, most of whom 
were under twenty years of age, have been restored to 
society and to the blessings of domestic peace, through 
the instrumentality of this laudable foundation. Persons 
desirous of visiting this building are admitted on applica- 
tion to the treasurer, or to the committee, who meet every 
Thursday. 

Service is performed in the chapel every Sunday morn- 
ing at a quarter after eleven, and in the evening at a 
quarter after six. A collection is made previously to ad- 
mission, the produce of which goes towards the mainte- 
nance of the institution. Few places of worship in Lon- 
don are more frequented. 



192 FOUNDLING HOSPITAL. 

THE FEMALE ORPHAN ASYLUM, 

Westminster bridge road, was instituted for the 
reception of destitute female orphans, by Sir John Field- 
ing, in the year 1758, since which period 2323 orphans 
have been sheltered and educated ; they are admitted 
between the ages of eight and ten, and, under a most ex- 
cellent system, they are fitted for respectable domestic ser- 
vants : they are taught the first four rules of arithmetic, 
writing, and all branches of useful needlework, until they 
attain the age of fourteen ; they are then placed in the 
duties of household work, taught washing, ironing, cook- 
ing, and every description of housework. After they at- 
tain the age of fifteen, they are apprenticed to private 
families as domestics. The establishment is at present in 
a most healthy condition, and has the full number of one 
hundred and sixty children. The asylum is open to visitors 
on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, between the 
hours of eleven and two o'clock, on other days by special 
order. This useful charity is supported by voluntary 
subscriptions, donations, &c. Divine service is performed 
in the chapel every Sunday. 

THE FOUNDLING HOSPITAL, 

Guilford street, was founded through the exertions 
of Captain Thomas Coram, in the year 1739, by royal 
charter, granted by George II., for the maintenance and 
education of exposed and deserted young children : they 
are not, however, as in some foreign establishments of a 
similar nature, received indiscriminately. Application 
must be made personally by the mother, who must be 
able to prove her previous good conduct, the desertion of 
the father, and also that the reception of the child, with 
the secresy observed, may be the means of restoring her 
to virtuous conduct and an honest livelihood. Private 
donations, liberal bequests, and endowments, constitute 
the absolute property of the foundation. The interest of 
this property, with the collections in the chapel, the pro- 
duce of the children's work, benefactions, legacies, rents, 



LONDON ORPHAN ASYLUM. 193 

&c, produce an annual income of about <^ 10,000, which 
provides for the maintenance and education of about 460 
children, nearly one-half of whom are reared in the 
country, from the tender age of one to five years, after 
which they are removed to town. The boys at fourteen, 
and the girls at fifteen years of age, are advantageously 
placed, by the care of the committee, with a view to their 
prospects. On leaving the hospital, their masters receive 
with them clothes, money, &c, at the discretion of the 
committee, to an amount not exceeding ten pounds. 

The edifice is spacious and convenient ; the chapel 
forms the centre : the east wing is appropriated to the 
girls, and the west to the boys ; and a good garden and 
an extensive play-ground complete the accommodations 
of the establishment. Divine service is performed every 
Sunday at eleven in the forenoon, and at seven in the 
evening. The hymns and anthems are performed in a 
scientific manner, and render the chapel very attractive to 
the neighbouring families. The organ was presented by 
Handel, who, for some years, performed his celebrated 
Messiah annually, for the benefit of the institution. 

The altar-piece, by West, is a noble work ; and, in dif- 
ferent parts of the building, paintings by Hogarth and 
other eminent artists are to be found in considerable num- 
bers. The hospital may be seen on Sundays and Mon- 
days, in the middle of the day. 

THE LONDON ORPHAN ASYLUM, 

Clapton, under the immediate patronage of her most 
gracious Majesty. Its object is to afford maintenance, 
instruction, and clothing, to destitute orphans of both 
sexes, of respectable parents, and to see them placed out 
in situations where they may have the prospect of an 
honest livelihood. Children are admitted from seven to 
eleven years of age. The present building, erected in 
1825, is capable of accommodating nearly 400 inmates. 
It forms three sides of a quadrangle, the centre containing 
the dining rooms, and the wings being occupied by the 
sleeping apartments. In the middle is a chapel connected 



194 



DEAF AND DUMB ASYLUM. 



with the wings by a colonnade. Office, 10, St. Mary 
Axe. 

THE PHILANTHROPIC SOCIETY, 

London road, St. George's fields, instituted 1788, 
for the prevention of crime, by the admission of the off- 
spring of convicts, and for the reformation of criminal 
male children ; it consists of three distinct establishments 
— an extensive manufactory, a spacious female school, and 
a house of reform, separated from each other by walls of 
considerable height. The sons of convicts, not having 
themselves been criminal, are received at once into the 
manufactory, which is very extensive, containing, besides 
accommodation for 120 boys, workshops for carrying on 
trade; these are conducted by master workmen in the 
service of the society. The profits of the trades are car- 
ried to the account of the society, and a portion given as 
reward for the boys' earnings. 

The girls are brought up for domestic servants, in ad- 
dition to making their own clothing, shirts for the boys, 
&c, &c. Persons are allowed to visit the manufactory 
and schools. 

THE DEAF AND DUMB ASYLUM, 

Kent road, is indebted for its origin to the humane 
feelings of the Rev. John Townshend, and the Rev. 
Henry Cox Mason, M.A., formerly rector of Bermondsey 
church. The building, erected in 1807, was enlarged in 
1819, and made capable of receiving 200 children. It 
has since been greatly enlarged, and is now capable of 
receiving 300 pupils. The pupils are not admitted before 
the age of eight, nor after fourteen : they are taught to 
read, write, and cipher ; to comprehend the grammatical 
arrangement of words; and, in some cases, to articulate 
so as to be understood. The period for each pupil's stay 
in the asylum is five years, the whole of which time is oc- 
cupied in education. Upon a pupil's leaving the asylum, 
a small sum is granted by the committee towards an ap- 
prentice fee, when the parents or friends are not in a con- 
dition to assist in obtaining a trade for the child. 



ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL. 



195 




ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL, 

West Smithfield, founded by Rahere, in 1102, and 
incorporated in the reign of Henry VIII., in 1546, is a 
handsome and capacious edifice of stone, after the designs 
of Gibbs, surrounding a square, and situated between 
Christ's hospital and Smithfield, on the site of the ancient 
priory of St. Bartholomew. The principal entrance, in 
Smithfield, is through a large arch in a rustic basement, 
over which stands a statue of Henry VIII. Above is an 
interrupted semicircular pediment, on the segment of 
which recline two emblematical figures, representing 
Lameness and Sickness. The whole is surmounted by a 
triangular pediment, the tympanum of which is orna- 
mented with the royal arms. Indigent persons, maimed 
by accident, may be taken to this hospital at any hour of 
the day or night, without previous recommendation. Dis- 
eased persons are received on presenting a petition signed 
by a housekeeper. The interior arrangements are con- 
venient and ample ; the professional attendance is able, 
well divided, and abundant; the nurses and attendants 
kind, humane, and numerous ; and the greatest order and 
propriety reign throughout the whole. This institution 
affords an excellent practical school of medicine and sur- 



196 



st. thomas's hospital. 



gery for young men who " walk the hospitals." There is 
also a theatre, where lectures are delivered to the students 
by eminent practitioners. 

The grand staircase was painted gratuitously by Ho- 
garth ; the subjects very appropriate — The Good Sama- 
ritan ; the Pool of Bethesda ; Rahere (the founder) laying 
the first stone ; and a Sick Man carried on a bier attended 
by Monks. In the great hall is a portrait of Henry VIII. 
and another of Dr. Ratcliffe, who left ^200 per annum 
towards improving the diet and linen of the patients ; 
also a picture of St. Bartholomew, with the symbol of his 
martyrdom in his hand. One of the windows is illustrated 
by the representation of Henry VIII. delivering the charter 
to the Lord Mayor. 

The number of in-patients received in one year has 
been nearlv 5000. 




ST. THOMAS'S HOSPITAL, 

Wellington street, Southwark, is another royal 
foundation, endowed for purposes similar to the pre- 
ceding. The edifice, built of brick, consists of four hand- 
some squares, the last of which was completed in 1 732. 
Though no estates appear to have been originally an- 



guy's hospital. 



197 



nexed to it, yet the bounty of the corporation of London 
and other benefactors has accumulated such a fund as 
will ensure its permanency, and extend its power of doing 
good. It contains nineteen wards, and 485 beds. The 
annual expenditure is ^10,000. 

Persons meeting with accidents are admitted here as at 
St. Bartholomew's hospital, at all hours, day and night. 
Diseased patients admitted by the recommendation of a 
governor. Admission days, Tuesdays, at ten o'clock. 
Considerable additions have recently been made, and are 
now making, to this hospital, which is being pulled down 
and rebuilt by degrees. 




GUY'S HOSPITAL, 

St. Thomas's street, South wark, founded in 1/21, 
is a noble testimony of the industry and humanity of one 
individual. Mr. Guy commenced business as a book- 
seller, in Cornhill, with a stock of about i?200 value : by 
proper attention to his trade, and some fortunate specula- 
tions in the South Sea scheme, he amassed a colossal 
fortune, which he finally devoted to humane purposes. 
Besides various charitable gifts and benefactions, he ex- 



gifts and benefactions, 
s 2 



198 



NEW BETHLEM HOSPITAL. 



pended ,£18,700 on the building of this hospital, and at 
his death endowed it with the munificent bequest of 
,£219,499. It contains medical, anatomical, and operating 
theatres, a museum, a library, a laboratory, a collection of 
anatomical preparations (considered to be the finest in Eu- 
rope), with models in wax of diseases in the skin, by Mr. 
Towne. Twenty-two large wards, and upwards of 530 
beds for in-patients; besides whom it relieves nearly 70,000 
out-patients annually. The method of admission is by 
petition, to be presented every Wednesday. 

In the centre of the front area is a bronze statue of the 
founder, by Scheemakers, standing on a pedestal, the four 
sides of which are appropriately embellished. In the 
chapel, where service is performed daily, is another sta- 
tue, representing him holding out one hand to raise a 
recumbent figure, and pointing with the other to a se- 
cond, whom two persons are carrying into the hospital. 
It is finely executed by Bacon, at a cost of <£1,000. 




THE BETHLEM HOSPITAL, 

Lambeth, presents a noble exterior, nearly 700 feet in 
length, consisting of a centre and two wings. A lantern 



MIDDLESEX HOSPITAL. 199 

cupola rises from the middle of the building, four stories 
in height, and chiefly constructed with brick. In the hall 
are the celebrated statues by C. G. Cibber, representing 
Raving and Melancholy Madness, which formerly sur- 
mounted the piers of the gateway of the hospital in Moor- 
fields. This building cost upwards of <C 100,000, and 
from its judicious internal arrangement, is capable of ac- 
commodating, with ease, 500 patients, under the dreadful 
affliction of lunacy. It occupies, together with the 
grounds for the exercise of the patients, a surface of 
fourteen acres. The annual income of the foundation is 
.£18,000. 

ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL, 
Old Street, was originally founded by voluntary con- 
tribution, for the reception of such unfortunate lunatics 
as could not gain admittance into the old Bethlem. It 
is an extensive solid brick edifice, designed by the younger 
Dance, raised at considerable expense, and is extremely 
well conducted. The number of patients is limited to 
300. The annual income for its support is j£7>000. 

ST. GEORGE'S HOSPITAL, 
Hyde park corner, presents an imposing aspect. The 
grand front, facing the Green park, is 180 feet in length : 
in its centre is a vestibule, thirty feet high, surmounted 
by lofty pilasters. The theatre for the delivery of lec- 
tures is well adapted for hearing, and will accommodate 
160 students : immediately adjoining it is the museum, 
containing a judiciously arranged assortment of anatomi- 
cal preparations. The entire edifice, which is three stories 
high, and from its situation remarkably airy, is faced with 
Roman cement, coloured, and pointed, to imitate stone. 
This hospital contains sixteen wards and 317 beds. It is 
from the designs of W. Wilkins, Esq., R A. 

THE MIDDLESEX HOSPITAL, 

Charles street, Cavendish square, was instituted 
for the reception of the sick and lame, the relief of lying- 
in married women, and the supply of the indigent and 



200 WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL. 

labouring poor with advice, medicine, diet, and lodging, 
when incapable of supporting themselves and families. 
Two extensive wings have been added to the original 
building. 

In 1792, through the munificence of Samuel Whit- 
bread, Esq., an establishment was provided for patients 
afflicted with cancer, who are allowed to remain during 
their lives, unless they desire to be discharged. The hos- 
pital is capable of containing 300 patients : the average 
number in the hospital is about 230 — out-patients about 
400. Lying-in women are attended at their homes. 

ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL, 

Grays-inn roa-d, instituted 1828, is patronized by her 
Majesty. The principle of this hospital is to receive all 
destitute sick and diseased persons, to whatever nation 
they may belong, who may choose to present themselves 
as out patients, and as great a number of in-patients as 
the state of the charity will permit. Previously to the 
founding of this hospital, there was no medical establish- 
ment in the metropolis, where the destitute stranger, 
when overtaken by sickness or disease, could find an 
asylum for his immediate reception. 20,754 patients have 
been under medical treatment during the last year ; and 
upwards of 100,000 patients have been relieved since the 
foundation of this valuable institution. It is supported 
by voluntary subscriptions. 

THE LONDON HOSPITAL, 
Whitechapel road, was established originally in 1740, 
and removed to its present healthy situation in 1759. 
The patients of this hospital are mostly sick and wounded 
seamen, watermen, and labourers employed in the Docks 
and on the various quays, or engaged among the shipping. 
THE WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL, 

Broad Sanctuary, opposite Westminster Abbey, under 
the patronage of her Majesty, is the oldest hospital sup- 
ported by voluntary subscriptions, and is open to the sick 
and needy from all parts. Instituted in 1719. Capable 
of containing above 200 patients. 



FEVER HOSPITAL. 201 

THE CHARING CROSS HOSPITAL, 

Ktng William street, Strand, the first stone of 
which was laid by the Duke of Sussex, in 1831, is a 
charity subscription for general purposes of relief. The 
architect was Mr. Decimus Burton. This hospital owes 
its commencement to the meritorious exertions of Dr. B. 
Golding, who contemplated by its establishment the 
hitherto untried but very useful combination of a dis- 
pensary, for supplying attendance and medicine to the 
sick poor at their own homes, with an hospital for receiv- 
ing and providing with clean domestic comforts the more 
dangerous cases, as in-door patients. 

THE SMALL-POX HOSPITAL, 

King's Cross, was originally established by public sub- 
scription, and opened at a house in Windmill street, 
Tottenham court road, in 1746; and in 176*7 was removed 
to the present building, erected expressly for it. Its design 
is twofold ; first, to shelter and relieve those who have the 
misfortune to be attacked by the natural small pox, and 
secondly, to prevent that dreadful malady, by means of 
vaccination. In 1802, a part of the premises was appro- 
priated to the relief of patients labouring under typhus 
and scarlet fevers. The hospital is open, at all times, for 
the admission of patients ; and, by application to the re- 
sident surgeon or matron, the friends of poor persons so 
afflicted are informed in what manner to proceed. Every 
facility towards admission is given, especially to strangers 
arriving in London, and to those foreigners in distress 
who may chance to require the assistance of this charity. 
Vaccination is performed every morning from ten to one 
o'clock, gratuitously. 

THE LONDON FEVER HOSPITAL, 

King's Cross, adjoining the above, was established in 
1802, for the cure and prevention of contagious fever in the 
metropolis, and is entirely supported by voluntary con- 



202 HOSPITALS. 

tributions. It is capable of accommodating about 140 
patients. All poor persons (not being paupers or domestic 
servants of non-subscribers) are admitted gratuitously at 
all hours. Governors' servants, when attacked with con- 
tagious fever, are also admitted gratuitously. A donation 
of ten guineas, or an annual subscription of one guinea, 
constitutes a governor. The Right Hon. the Earl of 
Devon is the present president of the institution. 

Hospital or Asylum for poor French Protest- 
ants and their descendants, by petition to the governor 
and directors, forms of which may be had of the steward 
at the hospital. Incorporated in 1718. Bath street, 
City road. 

Seamen's Hospital Society, instituted 1801 ; In- 
corporated 1833, for the relief of sick and diseased seamen 
of all nations in the port of London, who are received 
without any recommendation, on board the Dreadnought, 
moored off Greenwich. Admission daily, from nine to 
three ; accidents at all hours. Office, 74, King William 
street, City. 

Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital. Admission 
without any order or recommendation, on Mondays, 
Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays, by the surgeons, and 
every Wednesday by the assistant physician. Moorfields ; 
instituted 1805. 

Royal Sea Bathing Infirmary, for the benefit of 
the diseased poor. Patients admitted by recommendation 
of a governor, according to vacancies in the infirmary, 
and to the order of recommendation. Westbrook, near 
Margate, 1/94. London office, 16, Walbrook. 

Royal Infirmary for Diseases of the Eye. 
Patients admitted on the recommendation of subscribers. 
Out-patients relieved without recommendation. Cork 
street, Burlington gardens. 1704. 
RoyalWestminster Ophthalmic Hospital. Out- 
patients admitted on their own application, and if thought 
necessary by the surgeons, are admitted as in-patients. 
Days of attendance, Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, 



LYING-IN HOSPITALS. 203 

from twelve to two o'clock; urgent cases at all hours. 
Instituted 1816. Chandos street, Charing Cross. 

Infirmary for Asthma, Consumption, and other 
diseases of the lungs. Patients admitted on Mondays, 
Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, at twelve o'clock, by 
recommendation of subscribers. Established 1814. Ar- 
tillery street, Bishopsgate. 

University College Hospital, for the relief of 
the sick poor, and for the delivery of poor married 
women. Admission by governor's letter. In-patients, 
Tuesdays, at half past eleven ; out-patients every day, 
except Thursday, at twelve o'clock. Founded 1834. 
Gower street, north. 

King's College Hospital, for the sick poor. Ad- 
mission by governor's or subscriber's letter. Instituted 
1839. Portugal street, Lincoln's inn fields. 

Royal Metropolitan Hospital, for sick children. 
Open daily at one o'clock ; no introduction or recommen- 
dation required. 11, Broad street, Golden square. 

Metropolitan Free Hospital, for the gratuitous 
relief of the sick poor, without letter or other introduction. 
Established 1836. 29, Carey street, Lincoln's inn fields. 

No description of distress is more extensively provided 
for than that which arises from the helpless condition of 
poor lying-in women. The establishments are numerous. 
In some of these the patients are amply provided with 
every comfort, whilst others provide medical attendance, 
medicine, and linen, gratuitously, to indigent females at 
their own houses. The following are the principal insti- 
tutions, but there are many others in different parts of 
the town. 

QUEEN CHARLOTTE'S LYING-IN HOSPITAL, 
Lis son green, established in 1752, for married and 
unmarried females, is computed to have relieved upwards 
of 70,000 patients. 

THE BRITISH LYING-IN HOSPITAL, 
Brownlow street, established in 1749, has spread its 
kindly influence and relief far and wide. 



204 DISPENSARIES. 

THE CITY OF LONDON LYING-IN HOSPITAL, 
City road, has relieved, since its establishment, in 1/50, 
upwards of 60,000 poor married women. 

GENERAL LYING-IN HOSPITAL, 
York road, Westminster bridge. An annual subscrip- 
tion of three guineas entitles the subscriber to recommend 
three in-patients, and three patients at their own habita- 
tions. 

THE LYING-IN INSTITUTION, 

Little Knight Rider street, is a society for the 
purpose of delivering poor married women at their own 
habitations. One guinea per annum, or a benefaction of 
ten guineas, constitutes a governor, who is privileged to 
recommend eight objects annually. During the first fifty 
years of this society's being established, the deliveries 
amounted to 178,913. 

DISPENSARIES. 

General Dispensary, for the relief of the poor at 
the institution and at their own homes. Patients admitted 
by governor's letter daily, at half past twelve. 36, Alders- 
gate street. Instituted 1/70. 

Westminster General Dispensary, for supply- 
ing advice and medicine to the poor. Patients admitted 
by subscriber's letter. Instituted 1774. 9, Gerrard street, 
Soho. 

London Dispensary, for supplying the poor with 
advice and medicine. Physicians attend Mondays, Tues- 
days, Thursdays, and Saturdays; surgeons, Mondays and 
Thursdays. Patients admitted by recommendation of a 
governor. Instituted 1777- 21, Church street, Spitalfields. 

Finsbury Dispensary, for administering advice and 
medicines to the poor at the dispensary, or at their own 
habitations, gratis. Patients admitted every day (except 
Sunday) before one o'clock, by letter of recommendation 
from a governor. Instituted 1 780. 36, Rosoman street, 
Clerkenwell. 



ALMSHOUSES. 205 



ALMSHOUSES, 



For aged and infirm persons who have seen better days, 
are numerous in the metropolis and its vicinity. The 
following are among the most extensive. 

Morden College, Blackheath, erected and en- 
dowed in 1695, for the support of decayed merchants. 

The Haberdashers' Almshouses, or Aske's 
Hospital, Hoxton, maintains twenty poor members of 
the Haberdashers' Company, besides supporting and 
educating the same number of boys. 

Drapers' Almshouses, Greenwich, endowed by 
W. Lambarde, in 1576. 

The Drapers' Almshouses, Coopers' row, is 
the oldest establishment of this nature, and the building 
probably the most ancient in the city. 

The Trinity Company have endowed Almshouses 
in Mile end road, founded in 1695; they originally con- 
sisted of twenty-eight tenements, surrounding a quad- 
rangle, and appropriated to decayed commanders of ships, 
mates, or pilots, with their wives. Within these few 
years, several equally commodious tenements have been 
added. 

At Vauxhall is an establishment founded by the Dutch 
Ambassador, in 1662; its inmates are aged women of 
Lambeth parish. It is said to owe its origin to the con- 
trition of the Ambassador for an amour with a milk maid. 
East India Company's Almshouses, Poplar, for 
the widows of officers and seamen in the company's 
service. 

Edwards's Almshouses, Christ church, Sur- 
rey, were established in 1717. 

Emanuel Hospital, Tothill Fields, was founded 
by Lady Dacre, in 1661, for decayed inhabitants of St. 
John's Westminster. 

The Ironmongers' Almshouses, Kingsland 
road, comprise a chapel, fourteen houses, and a dwelling 
house for the chaplain. The establishment supports about 
forty persons and their families. 



206 HOTELS, INNS, ETC. 

WHiTTiNGTON'sCoLLEGE,or Almshouses (founded 
as early as 1415, on College hill), are remarkable for their 
appearance and the salubrity of their present situation, at 
the bottom of Highgate hill. After passing the tunnel, 
they form the first striking feature on entering London 
from the north road. 

London Almshouses, Brixton, erected to com- 
memorate the passing of the Reform Bill in 1833. 

Watermen and Lightermen's Almshouses, for 
aged, maimed, and decayed watermen and lightermen, 
and their wives and widows, Penge, near Sydenham. 

Societies for the relief of every species of suffering are 
to be met with in all quarters, and every union, consisting 
of several parishes, is provided with a workhouse for 
the relief of its poor parishioners, who cannot find suf- 
ficient employment to provide for themselves and families. 

Of miscellaneous establishments too numerous to detail, 
one of the most deserving of mention is the " Refuge for 
the Destitute," in Hackney road, instituted in 1806, for 
the purpose of providing for persons discharged from 
prisons or the hulks, unfortunate and deserted females, 
and others who, from loss of character and extreme in- 
digence, can not, though willing to work, obtain an honest 
maintenance. 

HOTELS, INNS, LODGING AND COFFEE HOUSES. 
London abounds with every accommodation a stranger 
can*require, varying in price and kind as much as taste 
can wish. There are in the metropolis several hundred 
inns, hotels, and taverns, many of them magnificent, all 
of them more or less spacious and extensive establish- 
ments. The number of fashionable hotels, where every 
thing is on the highest scale of elegance and expense, 
is about thirty ; all situated at the west- end of the town. 
Mivart has two hotels ; one in Brook street, Grosvenor 
square, the other in Davies street, Berkeley square; 
Warren's hotel in Regent street ; Fenton's in St. James's 
street ; Limmer's in George street, Hanover square ; the 
Clarendon, both in New Bond street and Albemarle street; 



HOTELS, INNS, ETC. 20/ 

the Burlington, in Old Burlington street ; Wright's hotel, 
in Dover street, Piccadilly; Morley's hotel, Trafalgar 
square ; York hotel, and Radley's hotel, Bridge street, 
Blackfriars ; and several others. More scattered about 
London, are the commercial inns ; many of which, though 
not aspiring to the elegance of the fashionable hotels, are 
long-established and comfortable houses. Amongst those 
from which the mail-coaches run are the Golden Cross, at 
Charing Cross ; the Bolt-in-Tun, Fleet street ; the White 
Horse, Fetter lane ; the Bell and Crown, Holborn ; the 
Saracen's Head, Snow-hill; the Swan with two Necks, 
Lad lane ; the Spread Eagle, Gracechurch street ; the 
Belle Sauvage, Ludgate hill; and the Bull and Mouth, 
opposite the General Post-office, in St. Martin's-le- Grand. 
There are other inns in Piccadilly, Oxford street, Holborn, 
Leadenhall street, Aldgate, Whitechapel, &c, which, 
though not running mail-coaches, are coach-establish- 
ments ; and many others which are eminent as waggon- 
inns. — Some of the taverns are well known, as connected 
with political, charitable, or festive meetings ; as the Lon- 
don tavern, in Bishopsgate street ; the Albion, in Alders- 
gate street ; the Crown and Anchor, in the Strand ; the 
Freemasons' Tavern, in Great Queen street, Lincoln's 
inn fields; the British Coffee-house and Tavern, in 
Cockspur street ; the London Coffee-house and Tavern, 
on Ludgate hill ; the Cocoa Tree, in St. James's street, &c. 

On the other hand, Lloyd's Coffee-house, 80|, Bishops- 
gate street, and Garra way's, 'Change alley, are associated 
with marine intelligence, underwriters, stock-jobbing, and 
auctions ; the Chapter Coffee-house, in Paternoster row, 
St. Paul's, is much dedicated to the business of book- 
sellers; and Peele's, in Fleet street, and Deacon's, in 
Walbrook, are sought for by those who wish to consult 
numerous files of newspapers of every description. 

It would be impossible to state any precise scale of 
charges at these establishments, as they vary much 
according to situation and style. At some of the hotels 
in the City, at a charge of 6s. per day, strangers are pro- 
vided with every comfort a reasonable man can desire — 



20S FURNISHED LODGINGS. 

good bed, use of coffee-room, dinner, breakfast, and 
supper. At an inn or hotel, the best plan is to call for 
your bill on the first day after your arrival, and decide 
according to your own judgment. Wines of every kind 
and quality are generally charged according to a printed 
list, which the waiter will supply on demand. 

BOARD AND LODGING HOUSES 
Vary generally from one to three guineas per week for 
each person. Some are to be found at the moderate 
charge of one pound in the city, where they have been 
opened for the accommodation of young gentlemen 
having situations in the bank and other commercial 
establishments, public or private, and where comfort is 
found combined with economy. At the western end of 
the town such houses are prepared for the accommodation 
of gentlemen visiting London for pleasure, members of 
parliament, public functionaries, &c, and are proportion- 
ably higher, varying from 1/. lis. 6d. to four pounds per 
week. The society is agreeable, and for single persons, 
being strangers, offers the pleasantest species of retreat 
in London. The recommendation of a friend is the best 
criterion by which to form a judgment ; but should that 
not be convenient, the trial of one, if unsatisfactory, need 
not last beyond a week. 

For the accommodation of persons who visit London 
for a few days only, and who wish to avoid the expense 
and bustle of an inn, there are lodging-houses, perfectly 
respectable in character, where gentlemen may sleep at so 
much per night, and have their breakfast, and such other 
meals or refreshments as they may choose, on very 
moderate terms. 

FURNISHED LODGINGS 

Are to be found all over London, varying from 12s. to 
five guineas per week, for bed room and sitting room on a 
first floor, in which is included the requisite attendance 
necessary for breakfast, tea, and the keeping the apart- 
ments in proper order. Single gentlemen are generally 



CIGAR DIVANS. 209 

expected to dine out ; but arrangements may be made to 
dine at home, should they prefer it, at a trifling additional 
charge. It is advisable to be explicit as to what may be 
expected ; and, should the parties fail to fulfil their pro- 
mises, a week may be the extent of the disappointment. 

DINING ROOMS AND COFFEE HOUSES 

Have of late years so much increased, that there are 
now considered to be about two hundred and fifty of the 
former, and three hundred of the latter, that are not 
licensed to sell spirituous liquors. They are very conve- 
nient for persons in business, or strangers whose division 
of time is not fixed. Tea and coffee, with the necessary 
appendages to form a breakfast, may be had in comfort 
for Is. or Is. 6d., with meat. Dinners are to be procured 
at all hours from one to six, the bill of fare varied and 
abundant. The persons attending are generally females, 
who, instead of receiving remuneration from the respective 
proprietors for their services, generally pay a weekly sum 
for the privilege of waiting, as it is the practice of persons 
dining to bestow a donation over the amount of their bill 
as a compliment for their attendance : one penny is the 
usual sum, but liberality may increase it at will. Each 
room is supplied with the daily papers, and some also 
with pamphlets and magazines. The coffee houses have 
generally a variety of periodical literature for the amuse- 
ment of visitors. 

CIGAR DIVANS. 

Of these lounges, the principal are : — at No. 101, Strand, 
and 42, King street, Covent Garden. The first of these 
consists of a long room, formerly the Repository of Arts, 
fitted up in a style of oriental taste, which, when lighted, 
is very brilliant ; large looking-glasses decorate each end 
of the room ; the walls present tasteful scenes and land- 
scapes ; the furniture, consisting of ottomans and couches, 
covered with leather. On the tables are scattered the 
leading journals of Europe, with chess, draughts, &c. 

t 2 



210 BATHS. 

Entrance one shilling, which entitles the party to a cup 
of coffee and a cigar. Others, though less luxurious, are 
much upon the same principle. 

BATHS, 

Though pretty numerous, are, for the most part, in re- 
tired situations ; we shall therefore give a list of the prin- 
cipal, in all of which the convenience of the visitor is 
consulted, and every attention is bestowed. 

St. Agnes le clair, Old street road, is a medicinal spring of consider- 
able efficacy in rheumatic and nervous cases. 

14, Bath street, Newgate- street. 

Fenton's hotel, St. James's street. 

25, Cold bath square. 

56, Coram street, Woburn place. 

CulverwelTs, No. 5, New Broad street. 

George street, Adelphi. 

C. Whitlaw's, medical vapour baths, 30, Argyle street, Regent street. 

Metropolitan swimming baths, cold and tepid, Shepherdess walk, 
City road. 

National baths, Westminster bridge road. 

Peerless Pool, City road, the most commodious bathing establish- 
ment in the Metropolis. 

23, Queen's row, Pentonville. 

75, Harley street, Cavendish square. 

34, St. Mary axe. 

The Hummums, Covent garden. 

Suffolk place, Pall mall, a very complete establishment of warm, 
cold, shower, vapour, and general medicated baths. 

St. Chad's wells, Gray's inn lane road. 

National Baths, 218, High Holborn. 

Oxford street, 72 ; — portable bath company. 

Waterloo bridge road, swimming baths. 

Albany baths, York road, Lambeth. 

York baths, New road, near the Regent's park. 

Single baths, cold fresh water, is. Od. Sea water, 3s. 6d. 

, warm do. do 3 6 , 7 6 

Plunging and swimming baths, from sixpence to one shilling. 

These are the general charges for single baths ; but by 
subscribing for a quarter or longer, the expense of each 
is less on the average. 

Floating baths are also upon the river, between the 
bridges, for the accommodation of those who prefer a 
current of water. 



CAUTIONS TO STRANGERS. 211 



CAUTIONS TO STRANGERS. 



Strangers cannot be too careful in avoiding the snares 
and practices of professed sharpers, swindlers, prostitutes, 
and pickpockets, who are prowling about in all directions 
to entrap the unwary : discretion and resolution will be 
frequently called upon, and woe to them in whom they 
are found wanting. Thousands of the frail sisterhood 
are distributed through the metropolis, offering as many 
temptations to sin as danced before the spirit of St. 
Anthony. 

Crowds should be avoided, as in many cases they are 
purposely excited to afford pickpockets an opportunity to 
practise their nefarious art. 

Cigar, tea, and brandy smugglers should be peremp- 
torily shunned ; they offer great bargains as an induce- 
ment to a stranger to accompany them to their haunts, 
where robbery and ill treatment may terminate the trans- 
action. In some cases, the smuggler himself has laid the 
information against his credulous purchaser. 

Mock auctions are another species of imposition that 
cannot be too severely condemned : they are generally 
held in public situations, where the goods and puffers are 
within sight and hearing of the passers by. The holder- 
forth is always expert in the art of gaining attention. 
Persons, purposely present, seem to catch at each suc- 
ceeding bargain, till, confidence being excited, the un- 
initiated stranger falls a prey to the grossest imposition. 

Ring droppers are still met with, though not fre- 
quently : they are persons provided with some showy but 
worthless piece of jewellery, who, watching their oppor- 
tunity, stoop and pretend to pick it up near the person of 
one likely to prove a victim. They cleverly feign surprise 
and satisfaction at their good fortune, appear to have a 
very slight knowledge of its value, too much humility 
themselves to wear it, and generously offer to resign their 
chance for some small sum, much below its apparent, but 
greatly beyond its real value. 

On the subject of gambling no advice need here be 



212 MARKETS AND SUPPLIES. 

given ; its baneful effects are well known, and its avoid- 
ance justly forms a branch of moral education. 

Gaming houses are numerous ; some of which hold 
forth inducements to young men who are resolutely bent 
on abstaining from play ; such as balls, suppers, &c, to 
which are invited females of prepossessing appearances 
but doubtful characters, the most dangerous company 
into which a young man in the spring of life can be in- 
troduced. The consequences of time, place, and associ- 
ation, may be readily supposed to be an abandonment of 
the best resolutions and a dereliction of duty, which may 
expose the unhappy sufferer to years of vice and misery. 
Write in your tablets, in letters of gold, that wholesome 
maxim — " Avoid temptation." 



MARKETS AND SUPPLIES. 

London is perhaps better supplied with every article of 
domestic consumption than any other town in England, 
both as to quality and quantity ; consequently, provisions 
are almost as cheap in the heart of the metropolis, as in 
those towns more nearly surrounded by the productions. 
This supply is much increased by means of steam vessels 
from Scotland, Ireland, and the Continent. Considering 
the amazing extent of surface which London itself occu- 
pies, the large portion of its environs devoted to rural 
dwellings, and the absence of all productive cultivation 
for miles around, the stranger might be inclined to ask 
whether the inhabitants are averse to the wholesome 
luxuries of fruit and vegetables ; whether milk be an article 
known amongst them ; and whether horses are ever in- 
dulged with their natural food. But, in truth, these arti- 
cles are in the greatest abundance, and at very reasonable 
prices ; while, at the same time, nine-tenths of the inha- 
bitants have not the least conception whence they spring. 
The market-gardener, at some miles' distance, toils the 
whole day in rearing the sources of his support, and at 
night-fall loads his cart, and wends his way to town, 



EGGS, BUTTER, AND CHEESE. 213 

where he arrives in time to unload, dispose of his goods, 
mostly by contract, and retrace his way homeward before 
the bustle of the day begins. The lazy Londoner, rising 
at eight or nine o'clock, is in the daily habit of seeing the 
market well stocked with a fresh succession of vegeta- 
bles, without inquiring whether they have grown there, 
or dropped from the moon. 10,000 acres of ground, oc- 
cupied in kitchen gardens, would not suffice for the con- 
sumption of London, did not art lend its assistance, and 
ingenuity prompt measures to render the soil as pro- 
ductive as nature could allow. 

MILK. 
The Metropolis is supplied with milk by upwards of 
11,000 cows, supposed to yield a daily average of eight 
quarts each, making a total of 8,030,000 gallons annually. 
This is sold by contract to the retail dealers at an average 
of Is. lOd. per "barn gallon/' (8qts.) making a sum of 
upwards of ,€736,500. It is supposed that the charge to 
the consumers for milk is more than one million annually. 
It is conveyed round town in tin pails, by men who go 
their rounds twice a day. Dairies are also situated in 
different parts of the town, where good milk may be had. 
It is chiefly brought to these dairies in large pails, placed 
on spring carts. 

ECCS, BUTTER, AND CHEESE. 

Eggs are a favourite article of consumption; and they 
may be had fresh laid at all the dairies ; some, the late 
produce of the neighbouring farms, principally of the 
cow-keepers in the vicinity. Great quantities are brought 
from distant seaport towns on the coast, and some from 
France, Belgium, and Holland. Ireland also sends over 
hundreds of crates annually; yet, notwithstanding the 
distance whence they come, and their being rather brittle 
and subject to spoliage, they are often retailed as low as 
6d. per dozen, and seldom reach more than Is. 6d. At 
the scarcest times of the year, as Easter and Christmas, 
the consumption is incredible. 



214 



FISH. 



The annual consumption of butter is estimated at 
40,000,000 lbs., and 38,000,000 lbs. of cheese, the largest 
portion of each being the produce of our inland counties, 
and the remainder imported from Ireland, Holland, and 
other places. Butter varies in price from \0d. to Is. 6d. 
retail, and cheese from 4d. to Is. 

BREAD, MEAT, AND POULTRY. 

About 1,500,000 quarters of wheat per annum supply 
the inhabitants of London with bread and flour. Poultry, 
being at times of high price, are attainable but by the 
more wealthy ; but the meat market is well supplied at a 
reasonable price. Large quantities of meat arrive in 
London ready slaughtered, not only in the steam vessels 
from Scotland and Ireland, but in carts from the adjoin- 
ing counties. This quantity is increasing, and may be 
estimated at one-eighth of the whole consumption. The 
completion of different railroads will constitute a medium 
of still further increase. 

It may be worth while to remark, that, about the year 
1 /00, the average weight of the oxen sold in the London 
market was 370 lbs. ; of calves, 50 lbs. ; of sheep, 28 lbs.; 
and of lambs, 18 lbs.; the present average weight is, of 
oxen, 800 lbs. ; of calves, 140 lbs. ; of sheep, 80 lbs. ; 
and of lambs, 40 lbs. 

The hogs reared for the London markets are mostly 
kept by the malt distillers, who feed them on grains, and 
thus produce fine meat. 

The poultry consumed in the Metropolis are estimated 
to amount annually to ^90,000 ; and to this must be 
added game, pigeons, rabbits, &c, which amount to as 
much in price, though the supply is less in quantity than 
the product of the farm-yard. 

FISH. 
The situation of London, placed on its beautiful river, 
enables the fish markets to be well supplied. The supply 
of the Metropolis is confined to two wholesale markets, 



NURSERY GROUNDS. 



215 



Billingsgate and Hungerford, and the rivalry has been 
advantageous to the public. 

Spring vans are employed between London, Margate, 
and Dover, for the purpose of conveying fresh fish by 
land. They travel at the rate of eight miles per hour, 
and keep up a certain supply for the tables of the great 
and the demands of the hotels. Salmon from the Tay 
and the Tweed arrive in large cargoes, almost as fresh as 
when drawn from the river. The following is a division 
of 120,000 tons of fish brought to Billingsgate in a year : — 



Fresh Salmon 45,446 

Turbot 87,558 

Cod 447,138 

Herring 3,366,400 

Maid, Plaice, Skate, Sprat, and 
Sole (bush.) . . 1 15,215 



Haddock 90,604 

Mackarel 482,492 

Lobster 3,076,700 

Whiting 1,954,600 

Eel , . ..(cwt.) 1,500 

Crab , 500,000 



The quantity of spirits and compounds consumed in 
London of late years, is supposed to amount to 15,000,000 
gallons, of which by far the largest portion is gin : Scotch 
and Irish whiskey, with rum and brandy, make up the 
total. 

Porter and ale form the chief beverage of the working 
order, and are more or less consumed by all classes. 

The coal brought up the river for the consumption of 
the Metropolis, amounts to above 3,000,000 tons. 

NURSERY GROUNDS, 

To gratify the growing refinement of taste, may be men- 
tioned here, as furnishing a portion of the supplies ; since 
flowers of fragrance, and plants of rarity and beauty, are 
much in demand. The principal nursery grounds are 
Loddiges, Hackney ; Low, Clapton ; Knight, King's 
road ; Adams, King's road, Chelsea ; Milne, Newington ; 
Chandler, Vauxhall ; the owners of which spare neither 
pains nor expense in collecting the greatest variety of the 
choicest plants, shrubs, &c, from all quarters of the globe. 
They are reared in numerous places in the immediate 
vicinity of the Metropolis, where our native gardeners 
have attained such celebrity for the cultivation of exotics. 



2U) FARRINGDON MARKET. 

that we are enabled to command a considerable export 
trade in them to various parts of Europe. Many of the 
suburban florists will supply residents, who are fond of 
flowers, by the year, exchanging them as they go out of 
bloom or become sickly. 

MARKETS. 
Smithfield Market is the great metropolitan mart 
for the sale of cattle, &c, which are brought from all 
parts of the country. The present extensive steam com- 
munication by rail-roads and steam vessels has opened 
new facilities for supplying London with cattle. The fol- 
lowing average number of cattle are annually brought to 
this market: — Sheep and lambs, 1,350,000; calves, 25,000; 
pigs, 450,000; oxen, 180,000. Market days for cattle, 
Monday and Friday — and on Friday afternoon for the 
sale of horses. For hay and straw, Tuesday, Thursday, 
and Saturday. A large market, commodious, and re- 
plete with convenience, was some time since finished at 
Islington, near Ball's pond : it was open, for a short 
time ; but, being opposed by the great dealers, it soon 
completely failed. 

LEADENHALL AND NEWGATE MARKETS, 

In streets of the same name, are the principal places in 
London for the sale of country-killed meat and hides. 
Retail butchers, who have no slaughter houses, purchase 
the carcasses entire at these markets, where families are 
also accommodated with joints. These markets are like- 
wise well supplied with poultry, fresh butter, eggs, &c. 
Leadenhall is a great skin market ; to which trade, another 
at Bermondsey has recently been appropriated. 

FARRINGDON MARKET, 

Farringdon street, is a dark, inconvenient structure, 
erected for the sale of meat, fruit, and vegetables, instead 
of the old Fleet market, which was removed for the pur- 
pose of throwing open Farringdon street. This market 
occupies a space of an acre and a half. A roofed avenue, 



COVENT GARDEN MARKET. 



217 



with shops on each side, extends ronnd three sides of a 
quadrangle, and embraces a square, partly covered, and 
terminated bv an iron railing, with gates for the entrance 
of wagons. There are entrances to the market on three 
of the sides. 




COVENT GARDEN MARKET 
Is in the centre of the Metropolis, for fruit, flowers, 
shrubs, seeds, and vegetables ; it was re-constructed from 
designs by Mr. Fowler, at a cost of ,€50,000. It consists 
of three sides of a quadrangle, with a Doric colonnade 
running round it, supported by granite pillars. The wings 
have shops towards the square, and others looking towards 
the open market. In the centre, facing Great Russell 
street, runs a line of buildings collateral with the wings ; 
these are roofed in, and form a passage, with shops on 
each side, through to St. Paul's church. Over the build- 
ings are two conservatories, stocked with choice plants 
and flowers; they are approached by a flight of steps, 
from each corner of the wings. The present market 
was built at the expense of the Duke of Bedford, on 
whose estate it stands; its yearly returns are nearly 
€15,000. 

u 



218 



HUNGERFORD MARKET. 



BILLINCSCATE, 
At the western extremity of the Custom house, is the 
principal fish market for the Metropolis. The fishing 
smacks moor alongside the market, where they dispose of 
their cargoes. The business of this place is generally 
commenced and terminated early in the morning. The 
female dealers are celebrated for a peculiar volubility of 
tongue, and a strange choice of expressions, which, how- 
ever, are kept in tolerable order by the clerk of the 
market. 




HUNGERFORD MARKET 

Has been completed, on a magnificent scale, from the 
designs and under the superintendence of Mr. C. Fowler. 
The part next the river is appropriated to the sale of fish 
and vegetables, and is below the level of the general 
market, with which it communicates by a flight of broad 
stone steps. The upper part of the market consists of a 
nave and two aisles, the whole roofed in, the centre roof 
rising above the other parts, and supported by open 
arches, for the better supply of light and air. From the 
Hungerford wharf numerous steam-boats arrive and de- 
part every quarter of the hour during the season, for the 



FAIRS. 



219 



various places up and down the river. The Hungerford 
and Lambeth suspension foot bridge is now being rapidly 
formed. 

FINSBURY, NEWPORT, AND BOROUGH MARKETS, 

Are severally supplied with the necessary variety for do- 
mestic purposes — meat, vegetables, butter, eggs, fowls, &c. 

The principal market for hay and straw, for many years, 
disgraced the neighbourhood of Pali Mall; but it has 
been removed to Cumberland market, in the vicinity of 
the Regent's park. There are also markets for these com- 
modities at Paddington, Smithfield, Southwark, White- 
chapel, &c. 

Besides the markets already enumerated, others are 
held weekly in Middlesex: at Barnet, on Monday; South- 
all, on Wednesday; Uxbridge, Hounslow, Brentford, and 
Edgware, on Thursday ; Staines, on Friday ; and Enfield, 
on Saturday. At Hounslow, there is generally a fine 
show of fat cattle ; and those not disposed of are sent to 
London. 

Distance from a market, however, need not cause dis- 
appointment in obtaining any thing required ; shops for 
the sale of every consumable article being opened in all 
parts of London, where, generally, the best goods are to 
be found. 

FAIRS 
In and near London. Fairs or markets are appointed to 
be held at stated places on certain days. These fairs, 
which are arranged so as not to interfere with each other, 
are generally established for the sale of every species of 
commodities, and are attended with various kinds of 
amusement, which some might term vulgar merriment. 
The queen appoints both time and place for holding these 
fairs or markets, the charter of establishment specifying 
the duration of each, beyond which time it is held illegal 
to continue it. The principal fans held in London and 
its immediate vicinity are — 

Greenwich, three days at Easter, and three at Whitsuntide 

Battersea, ditto ditto 

Barnet, three days, Sept. 4th 



220 WATER. 

Brentford, three days, from 2d or 3d of May 

Ham common, ditto ditto 

Twickenham, two days, Holy Thursday, and day following 

Ealing green, threedays, June 24th 

Wandsworth, ditto July 1st 

Isleworth, two days, ditto 

Fairlop, one day, First Friday in July 

Chiswick, three days, July 15th 

Bromley, two days, August 5th 

Mitcham, three days, 12th 

Camberwell ditto 18th 

Deptford, three days, Trinity Monday 

Bartholomew, four days, September 3d 

Enfield, three days, 23d 

Northall, one day, 27th 

Twickenham, two days, 29th 

Croydon, three days, October 2d 

Charlton Horn fair, three days, 1 8th 

Greenwich fairs are perhaps the best deserving a visit. 
The situation, the steam-boats down the river, and con- 
veyance by the railroads from London bridge, or by the 
Blackwall railway, and various local attractions, induce 
the attendance of a greater numbers of a more respect- 
able class. The sports on the hill are highly amusing. 



SUPPLY OF WATER. 

Notwithstanding the extent and irregular shape and 
surface of this vast Metropolis, there is not a city in the 
world so amply and well provided with this important 
necessary of domestic life. The works by which it is 
obtained and distributed have been erected by companies, 
and are numerous and curious. The water is conveyed by 
means of cast-iron pipes, which run beneath the surface 
of the streets, and smaller pipes, communicating with the 
main, carry it into each house. The companies supplying 
it are : the New River, Chelsea, Grand Junction, West 
Middlesex, East London, South London, Lambeth, and 
Southwark. The first attempt to supply London with 
water, by means superior to those of conduits, pumps, &c, 
was made by Peter Morrys, a Dutchman, in the reign of 
Queen Elizabeth. He contracted with the corporation to 
raise water by an engine, to be erected in an arch of 
London bridge, and to send it through pipes into the city. 



GAS. 



221 



Four arches of the bridge were successively assigned to 
him and his descendants for the purpose ; and the London 
bridge water-works were in existence and operation till 
within these few years, not having been removed till the old 
bridge was taken down. To increase its force, the water 
is raised, by means of steam engines, above the level of 
the reservoirs, whence it is propelled into the upper stories 
of many houses. 

The houses supplied by these companies pay a yearly 
sum for the accommodation. In the winter season, during 
hard frosts, great precautions are used to prevent the 
water from freezing in the smaller pipes. 

This general distribution of water through all the 
streets of London is, moreover, often the salvation of many 
lives and much property. In case of fire, large bodies of 
water may be raised into the street to supply the fire 
engines. Boards at certain places mark the precise spot 
where the fire plugs may be found, so as to prevent loss 
of time. 

Besides this supply of water, which is mostly intended 
for domestic and culinary purposes, pumps are erected in 
convenient stations all through the town, supplied from 
springs, some of which are at immense depths. Aldgate 
pump, St. Bride's pump, known in ancient days as the 
holy well of St. Bride, and St. Bartholomew's pump, are 
celebrated for the exquisite purity of their water. It is 
strong and clear, and, in the height of summer, icy cold. 

CAS-BUDE LIGHT, 
Being naturally light and volatile, and readily flying to 
any opening prepared for it, has, within a very short time, 
been distributed in all directions. The mains and pipes 
for conveying the gas from the different companies' works, 
through each street and into many of the houses, are 
upon the same principles as the water conductors. The 
street lamps are all supplied with this gas, which is also 
burnt in most of the shops, warehouses, and counting 
houses, and even in the halls and kitchens of many pri- 
vate houses. Its light is clear, strong, and free from dirt; 
it occasions little trouble, and its only defect (smoke) 

u2 



222 FIRE AND LIFE ASSURANCE OFFICES. 

may, with slight attention, be avoided. Many thousand 
tons of coal are consumed annually in making gas. The 
principal companies are : the City of London — the Lon- 
don — the Imperial — the Chartered — the Equitable — the 
Phoenix — the South Metropolitan — the British — the In- 
dependent. 

The improved Bude Light, which is a new mode of 
burning common coal gas, is now coming into general use, 
and will remove the objections to the introduction of gas 
into private apartments. It is already used in the House 
of Commons, several churches, &c. 

FIRE AND LIFE ASSURANCE OFFICES 

Are establishments of great wealth and greater utility. 
They are carried on in buildings on a splendid scale, 
erected expressly for them, in various parts of the Metro- 
polis, but principally in the City ; and are conducted by 
directors, chosen from among the shareholders. Their 
capitals are large enough to cover any engagement they 
may make. Their business is to insure (for a trifling per 
centage) against any loss by fire, and to grant annuities, 
or to insure a payment of a certain sum on the death of 
any given individual. The first of these institutions (the 
Hand in Hand) was founded as a fire office in 1696. The 
absolute expense of insurance, which at present is not 
very heavy, would be comparatively trifling, were it not 
for a Government duty levied upon each policy. The tax 
of one year upon the London fire offices alone has 
amounted to upwards of ^655,382. The principal offices 
are : the Hand in Hand — the Equitable — the Globe — the 
Phoenix — the Royal Exchange — and the Sun. 

What may be termed the Fire Police of the Metropolis 
has lately been much improved. To obviate a variety of 
evils, resulting from the former imperfect system, a 
London Fire Brigade has been organized, and is sup- 
ported at the expense of all the offices, with the exception 
of the County and West of England. This establishment 
is embodied under the direction of a superintendent, with 
foremen and engineers under him, appointed to certain 



PRISONS AND PUNISHMENTS. 



223 



stations, where there is constant attendance day and 
night. The men are clothed in a uniform of dark grey, 
with their numbers in red on their left breasts. They 
wear strong leather helmets on their heads, which are 
serviceable in protecting them from accidents occasioned 
by the falling of walls, &c. 

SAVINGS' BANKS, 
Which owe their origin to the perseverance of Sir 
George Rose, are under the sanction of parliament, and 
have been very successful. There are at present, in dif- 
ferent parts of Great Britain, about 451 of these banks, 
where the poor may deposit their savings and derive a 
benefit from them. Deposits are received from one shil- 
ling upwards, but are not entitled to interest till they 
reach one pound sterling ; if withdrawn before they have 
been in one month, they are not entitled to any interest. 
Notice of withdrawal must be given a week before hand. 
According to the latest returns, the sum invested in these 
banks, in England alone, amounted to nearly £1 7,000,000 
PRISONS AND PUNISHMENTS. 




NEWGATE, 
Old Bailey, the general criminal prison for the city and 
county, is of great antiquity, being mentioned as a re- 



224 PRISONS AND PUNISHMENTS. 

ceptacle for prisoners as far back as the year 1218. It 
underwent alterations in the commencement of the 
fifteenth century, and was afterwards rebuilt with greater 
strength and convenience, extending over Newgate street, 
with a gate and postern beneath it. It was taken down 
in 1777, and a new and more solid structure raised on 
the present site, still bearing the original name, and con- 
sisting of two wings, with the keeper's house as the 
centre. During the riots of 1780, the interior was burnt 
by the mob, but it was speedily restored. The plan of 
the prison is quadrangular. The untried prisoners are 
kept separate from the tried, and the young from the old. 
It was built originally without sleeping cells for separate 
confinement, except the condemned cells ; the number of 
night rooms is 33, in each of which there are at night from 
15 to 30 persons; the number of day rooms, or wards, is 
10; 129 sleeping cells might be got by dividing these 
large rooms, but 462 additional cells would still be want- 
ing, for which the prison affords no space. In the portion 
adjoining Newgate street are the condemned cells, in 
which persons under sentence of death are confined. They 
are narrow and dark, with a small grated aperture in each, 
receiving light from the court in which the criminals are 
permitted to walk during the day. The prisoners against 
whom sentence of death is recorded sleep on a mat in 
these cells during the night. The number of prisoners 
under confinement varies according to circumstances ; it 
has sometimes amounted to upwards of 800, though about 
400 is computed to be the most it should at any time 
contain. Great and important improvements have re- 
cently been made, and others are yet in progress, in the 
arrangements and discipline of the prison. Here is a neat 
chapel, where the ordinary of Newgate reads prayers twice 
on Sundays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, preaches every 
Sunday morning, reads private prayers with those under 
sentence of death on Tuesdays and Thursdays, and after 
the report attends criminals twice a day, and on the 
morning of execution. The City allowance to the pri- 
soners is fourteen ounces of bread per day, and two 



PRISONS AND PUNISHMENTS. 225 

pounds of meat without bone per week. A fund was 
raised in 1807, to afford an allowance of potatoes and 
other necessaries to all the poor prisoners and their 
families; and boxes have been put up at all the doors, 
inviting benevolent contributions with a view to add to 
the means of the above fund. 

Strangers wishing to view this or other prisons of the 
Metropolis, will obtain admittance on procuring an order 
from the sheriffs, or other official persons. 

Formerly, the sessions for the trial of prisoners at the 
Old Bailey used to be held eight times a year. These 
sittings were found insufficient in number. There were 
irregularities, too, in the jurisdiction of the court. A 
person committing an offence on the Middlesex side of 
the river, on being committed to Newgate, would probably 
be tried in five or six weeks ; but if he crossed the water, 
and committed the offence at Lambeth or at Greenwich, 
he would be transferred to the Surrey or Kent assizes, 
and might lie in prison five or six months before trial. 
The Middlesex grand juries were assembled at the county 
sessions house in Clerkenwell, and there were frequent 
delays in the finding the bills of indictment, and sending 
them up to the Old Bailey. To remedy these inconve- 
niences, an Act was passed in 1834, establishing a 
" Central Criminal Court." The jurisdiction of this 
court extends to all places within ten miles of St. Paul's, 
and thus, besides Middlesex, runs' into three counties, 
Surrey, Kent, and Essex. It has also an Admiralty juris- 
diction, by which offences committed on the high seas can 
be tried in it. The lord mayor, the aldermen, the re- 
corder and common serjeant of the corporation, and the 
judges of the land, are the judges in this court ; the 
sessions of which are held once a month at the Old 
Bailey, and generally last from five to six days or more. 

In the Old Bailey there are two court-rooms, termed 
the Old and the New Courts, in which, during the ses- 
sions, the trials are carried on. The Old Court is the 
one in which the queen's judges sit, and in which all the 



226 GILTSPUR STREET COMPTER. 

more serious crimes are tried. When the business is not 
of such a nature as to require the presence of the superior 
judges, the city judges (recorder, common serjeant, &c.) 
sit in the Old Court ; but on the arrival of the queen's 
judges (one, two, or three of whom attend each session) 
they retire to the New Court, and try the lighter kinds of 
offences. During the greater part of the session the grand 
jury are busily employed in investigating the grounds on 
which accused persons are committed ; so that, at the Old 
Bailey, there are three court-rooms, in which judicial in- 
vestigations are going on during each monthly sitting of 
the Central Criminal Court. The Old Court is an oblong 
room; along one side is ranged the bench, the central 
seat of which is an arm-chair, having a canopy over it, 
like the sounding-board of a pulpit : under this canopy, on 
the crimson lining of the wall, is fixed the sheathed sword 
of justice. To the right of the bench is the jury box ; 
and facing the bench is the dock, the front of which is 
technically termed the bar, into which the prisoners are 
brought. Round a table in the centre of the room sit the 
counsel in their official costume. The accommodation for 
an audience in the court is much confined. A slight fee 
to the doorkeeper will admit a stranger to hear the trials. 

GILTSPUR STREET COMPTER, 
Is a brick building, with the front cased with rustic stone 
work, designed by Mr. Dance. It is under the regula- 
tions of City prisons, and appropriated to persons com- 
mitted before trial or further examination. There are 
nine wards, so arranged as to be capable of dividing pri- 
soners into as many classes. Night charges originating 
in the city are received here. It is perhaps the neatest 
and most conveniently arranged of all places of detention 
in London. Each prisoner has a bed, stuffed with straw, 
and two or three rugs, according to the weather. All the 
rooms are accommodated with fire places ; and there are 
warm and cold baths, of which prisoners may have the 
benefit when necessary. 



uueen's PRISON. 22/ 

DEBTORS' PRISON, 

Whitecross street, was built between 1813 and 1815, 
for the exclusive reception of debtors, who had previously 
been crowded together with criminals and malefactors in 
Newgate and the Compter. The accommodations exceed 
those formerly possessed by this class of prisoners, though 
the area is still far too much contracted. It is built on 
the site of the old Peacock brewhouse. The first stone 
was laid by Alderman Wood. The building is calculated 
to contain 400 prisoners. 

QUEEN'S PRISON, 
Southwark, is of great though uncertain antiquity. 
It is employed as a place of confinement for debtors, 
and those sentenced by the Court of Queen's Bench to 
suffer imprisonment for libels and other misdemeanors. 
The building, consisting of 224 rooms or apartments, is 
surrounded by a brick wall 50 feet high, surmounted by a 
chevaux de frize. Within the walls are several pumps of 
pure spring water. The number of persons passing to and 
fro, or engaged in various amusements, give an appearance 
diametrically opposite to what might be expected from a 
place of incarceration. Debtors were allowed to purchase 
what were called "the rules/' which enabled them to 
have houses or lodgings outside the walls, within a pre- 
scribed area of about three miles in circumference. These 
liberties were purchaseable at so much per cent, on the 
amount of the debts, and good security to the governor. 
Day rules could also be obtained in term time, permitting 
the party to go out on certain conditions. These 
advantages rendered the Queen's Bench the most desirable 
debtor's prison in England ; for which reason, persons in 
different prisons of the kingdom, occasionally removed 
themselves hither by writs of Habeas Corpus. Persons 
enjoying the rules sometimes lived in luxury for years in 
defiance of their creditors; while in other cases large 
properties were thus preserved to their innocent heirs. 
By a late Act of Parliament these privileges were con- 



228 THE NEW PRISON. 

siderably abridged and altered ; and the two other prisons 
— The Fleet and The Marshalsea — incorporated with this 
establishment, under the designation of "The Queen's 
Prison." 

THE MIDDLESEX HOUSE OF CORRECTION, 

Cold Bath fields, was built on a plan recommended 
by Howard, and may be considered both in construction 
and discipline as an experiment, on severe principles, to 
correct and reform convicted felons and hardened of- 
fenders. It cost the county of Middlesex between <£70,000 
and ,£80,000 : its yearly expenses are about ,€20,000. It 
was first opened in 1 794, and was then designed as a kind 
of bridewell, but with suitable accommodations for crimi- 
nals. On entering, the governor's house is on the right 
hand, standing in the middle of a large area; on the left 
are workshops ; and farther on is the office in which the 
business of the prison is transacted, and a committee 
room, with perhaps the best chapel belonging to any 
prison in the Metropolis. The cells are 520 in number, 
each of them about eight feet three inches long, and six 
feet three inches wide. There are nearly twenty tread- 
mills erected here for the punishment of prisoners sen- 
tenced to hard labour. 

TOTHILL FIELDS BRIDEWELL 

Is a capacious and well-designed prison, to which the 
magistrates of Westminster, in general, commit provi- 
sionally for imputed crimes ; and it is also a receptacle 
for thieves and vagrants. It was rebuilt in 1831, after 
the designs of Robert Abrahams, Esq. 

the new prison, 
Clerkenwell, occupies a considerable area between 
St. James's walk and Corporation row. The different 
wards are large and convenient, and the prisoners are 
properly classed. A neat chapel and school room are 
added to the whole. 



THE PENITENTIARY. 229 

THE SURREY COUNTY CAOL, 
Horsemonger lane, is a large strong building, sur- 
rounded by a high wall; it is for the confinement of 
felons and debtors. The keeper's house is on the west 
side of the building. Criminals sentenced to death are 
executed on the top of the prison. 

BRIDEWELL, 

New Bridge street, Blackfriars, is a house of 
correction for dissolute persons, and idle apprentices com- 
mitted by the chamberlain of the city, and for the tempo- 
rary maintenance of distressed vagrants, till they can be 
passed to the place of their settlement. The building 
consists of a large quadrangle, one side of which is occu- 
pied by a spacious hall, in which is a picture by Holbein, 
representing the presentation of the charter of the 
hospital to the corporation of London by King Edward, 
arid some other paintings. The house of the super- 
intendents, and the prison, occupy the remaining sides of 
the square. 

A building, called the house of occupations, forming a 
branch of this establishment, was erected, a few years 
since, in St. George's fields. 

the penitentiary, 
Millbank, chiefly for the punishment, employment, and 
reformation of offenders, formerly punished by transpor- 
tation. The external wall encloses no less than eighteen 
acres of ground, in the centre of which stands a large 
chapel, with an infirmary and other conveniences. Punish- 
ment and reformation are sought through the operation 
of labour, and religious instruction. The whole is under 
the management of a committee, appointed by the Queen 
in Council. To see the interior, it is necessary to procure 
an order from the Secretary of State for the Home 
Department. 



230 



THE RIVER, DOCKS, SHIPPING, ETC. 



PENTONVILLE PRISON, 

On the Caledonian road, leading from King's cross to 
Holloway, was built by order of Government, under the 
superintendence of Major Jebb, Royal Engineers, for the 
purpose of carrying into effect the separate system of 
prison discipline, and likewise as a model for the construc- 
tion of other prisons. It occupies about seven acres of 
ground, and is calculated to hold 520 prisoners. It is 
enclosed within a boundary wall, and comprises the follow- 
ing distinct features : — an entrance building, central hall 
and connecting passages, four wings containing the cells, 
besides houses, &c, for the officers of the prison. The 
central hall and corridors that radiate from it through the 
prison wings, are open from the floor to the roof; the 
cells being arranged on each side of the corridors, the 
doors can be seen from nearly the same point. The 
cells, which are thirteen feet long by seven feet broad, 
and nine feet high, have every convenience of water, 
gas, light, &c. They are likewise warmed and venti- 
lated upon an improved plan, by means of which a constant 
circulation of air, from twenty to forty feet per minute, is 
kept up. The prisoners exercise in the open air, in yards 
that diverge from a central point, round which there is a 
passage commanding a view of each yard, which have an 
open railing on the outside, in order to promote free circu- 
lation of air. Great ingenuity is shown in the arrange- 
ment of the chapel, which is fitted up with separate sittings, 
so that each prisoner can see and be seen by the chaplain, 
without seeing any of his fellow-prisoners. The prison is 
governed by eleven commissioners, appointed by the Queen 
in Council, and it can only be seen by an order from the 
Secretary of State for the Home department. Several 
important and extensive prisons are being built on this 
principle ; Prussia and other continental states have 
adopted the plan. 

THE RIVER, DOCKS, SHIPPING, ETC., 

The Thames, which flows through London, and has 
been the main spring of the wealth and consideration to 



THE RIVER, DOCKS, SHIPPING, ETC. 231 

which this country has risen, takes its rise in Gloucester- 
shire, whence it winds its undulating way by Oxford, 
Henley, Abingdon, Reading, Marlow, Maidenhead, Wind- 
sor, Kingston, Richmond, Brentford, Fulham, and Bat- 
tersea, to the Metropolis. After passing through London, 
it divides Kent from Essex, and widening in its course, 
falls into the sea at the Nore. The stream is broad and 
gentle in its course, and the bed of the river of such 
depth as to render it navigable for vessels of large burden 
even to the metropolis, a distance of sixty miles from its 
mouth, and for boats and barges to nearly double that 
distance nearer to its source. It has a number of tribu- 
tary streams, from which it derives additional body as it 
descends, increasing its speed, enlarging its width, and 
enriching its flow. The tide flows at fifteen miles above 
London bridge, and, at every flux and reflux, bears a 
floating mass of speculative industry, the main prop of 
British influence. 

From the earliest period at which mention is made of 
Britain, we find London recorded as a place of consider- 
able trade. Tacitus, in speaking of it, calls it the 
Nobile Emporium and great resort of merchants, and a 
city of commercial celebrity. Subsequent writers allude 
to it as a great and wealthy city : and as early as 359 it 
is mentioned as of such extensive commerce, that in the 
export of corn alone the port of London employed 800 
vessels. From this period we find succeeding writers 
alluding to it as surprisingly on the increase, till in the reign 
of James and Charles it enjoyed the reputation of being 
the chief emporium of the world, and surpassing all ports 
in the number of its shipping and extent of its influence. 
We have, in our introductory chapter, alluded to the 
increase of commerce at this period, by the formation of 
various companies, the advantages and encouragement 
thrown out to foreign commerce, and the influence occa- 
sioned by the late discoveries of spirited navigators. 

It would be an endless task to trace the gradual in- 
crease up to the present time. 



232 THE PORT OF LONDON. 

The following statement is taken from the official ac- 
counts just published by authority of Parliament : — 

VESSELS EMPLOYED IN THE FOREIGN TRADE OF THE 
UNITED KINGDOM. 

Entered Inwards. Cleared Outwards. 

United Kingdom and Ships. I Tonnage. I Ships. I Tonnage, 

its dependencies. 14,419 I 2,900,749 | 14,243 | 2,624,680 

VESSELS EMPLOYED IN THE COASTING TRADE OF THE 
UNITED KINGDOM. 

Entered Inwards. Cleared Outwards. 



Employed in the inter-"] Ships, 
course between Great ^ 1 0,005 
Britain and Ireland. J 

Other Coasting Vessels 120,397 



Tonnage. 

1,200,457 
9,6/6,293 



Ships. 
16,520 

127,357 



Tonnage. 
1,628,358 

10,121,796* 



The number of packages annually received and dis- 
charged in the port have been estimated at 4,000,000, 
supposed to be worth from 19 to 20,000,000/. sterling. 
1200 revenue officers are constantly on duty at different 
parts of the River ; 4000 men are employed in shipping 
and unshipping goods ; and 8000 watermen navigate the 
small craft and wherries. About 40,000 wagons and 
carriages, including their repeated journeys, arrive and 
depart, laden in both instances with articles of domestic, 
colonial, and foreign merchandize. 

THE PORT OF LONDON, 

Generally so called, extends from the North Foreland 
in the Isle of Thanet, northward to the Naze on the coast 
of Essex, and so westward through the Thames to London 
bridge ; but the proper port is from Bugsby's hole, near 
Blackwall, to London bridge. From London bridge to 
Deptford, a distance of four miles, the River presents an 
increasing succession of vessels of all burdens, and from 
all nations, moored on either side, and busily engaged in 
loading or discharging. The intervening channel is at all 
times occupied by steam boats, small craft, or richly laden 

* Last year upwards of nine hundred steam vessels belonged to 
England, and principally to the port of London, comprising more than 
200,000 tons and 100,000 horse power, the capital invested in which 
exceeded ^4,000,000. 



THE PORT OF LONDON. 233 

vessels, dropping down, or bearing up, according as the 
tide ebbs or flows. The usual daily number of collier 
ships discharging cargoes is about 150; and there is 
usually, also, from 350 to 400 coal barges, or craft, re- 
ceiving coal from the ships for the purpose of carrying it 
up the river to the different coal wharfs, or going down 
empty. There is always a greater or less number of col- 
liers in the river, waiting their turn to go up to the Lower 
Pool, as well as empty ones waiting for ballast, or going 
down the river. To obviate the obstructions thus occa- 
sioned, collier docks, for the reception and unloading of 
colliers, have been repeatedly projected; but without 
meeting the views of the coal merchants. One has been 
sometime in contemplation on the south side of the 
river. 

Several hundred steam boats ply on the River, a great 
many of which are in constant communication with 
foreign ports, and communicating with the towns above 
and below the bridges, as Richmond, Gravesend, &c. 
They employ an amazing number of hands in loading, 
unloading, and navigating the small craft in communica- 
tion with them. The port is under the management of a 
board of harbour masters, a surveyor, and other officers. 

To form a practical idea of the amount of the shipping 
of the port of London, a trip by one of the steamers to 
Gravesend, Heme bay, or Margate, in favourable weather, 
is recommended. From the moment of embarking to the 
time of landing, the interest of the stranger will be kept 
constantly alive by successive objects of wonder and ad- 
miration. From any of the heights about Gravesend 
which command a view of the windings of the River, as 
many as 1000 vessels will frequently be seen wending 
their way up or down, or quietly waiting a return of the 
tide. These vessels are all fitted up with great neatness, 
and with a view to the comfort of passengers. The 
accommodation consists of a fore and aft or chief cabin, 
the latter of which, in the boats for Scotland, the Conti- 
nent, &c, is divided into comfortable berths for sleeping, 
ranged along the sides, leaving a space in the centre for 

x 2 



234 the st. katherine's docks. 

tables and chairs. In some there is also an elegant saloon 
or drawing room raised on the deck, fitted for all sorts of 
amusement, as music, cards, &c. Each boat is provided 
with every necessary or luxury that can be desired on a 
voyage, on moderate terms. 

The boats which are confined to the River, have no 
necessity for berths ; consequently the fore and aft cabins 
are thrown entirely open and interspersed with seats, 
while the windows on every side afford a view of each 
bank of the River. There are also a few private cabins 
on deck, with windows open to the shores, where a party 
may enjoy the pleasure of the sail without mingling with 
strangers. These boats have generally on board a band 
of music, which, playing at frequent intervals, enlivens 
the scene. 1000 passengers sometimes go and return on 
a fine Sunday, in several of the Gravesend boats. The 
fares are very moderate, but constantly changing. 

The various docks lie east of the Tower, on the left or 
north side of the River ; the latest added are 

THE ST. KATHERINE'S DOCKS, 

Of which the first stone was laid in May, 1827, and 
partly opened with great ceremony in 1828. 

They are situated just below the Tower, and are the 
nearest of any of the docks to the City, Custom House, 
and other places of business ; they consist of two docks, 
called East and West, a basin, and a connecting lock 
canal; a portion of the frontage of these docks has 
been converted as a steam packet wharf, where passengers 
embark and land without the risk of small boats. The 
space included within the outer wall is nearly twenty-five 
acres, ten of which are occupied by the water. The lock 
leading from the river is so constructed that vessels of 
600 tons burden may pass in and out three hours before 
high water, the depth of water at the entrance being 
greater than any other dock in the port of London. The 
warehouses and vaults are partly built upon pillars close 
to the water's edge, so that goods are hoisted directly 
from the vessels to the warehouse in which they are to bo 



THE WEST INDIA DOCKS. 335 

deposited; they are well protected from the weather. 
This establishment reflects great credit on the public 
spirit of those by whom it is managed. The principal 
entrance is through a handsome gateway at the north west 
corner of the warehouses, nearly opposite the Mint. 

THE LONDON DOCKS 

Are situated at Wapping, lower down the river than the 
former. They were begun in 1802 and opened in 1805, 
and consist of two large docks communicating with each 
other, a basin, and canal. The western dock covers a 
space of twenty acres. The tobacco dock is upwards of 
one acre in extent ; immense warehouses are built for the 
reception of goods, and are both capacious and magnifi- 
cent. That called the Tobacco Warehouse stands on 
upwards of four acres of ground, and is considered the 
finest building of its kind in the w r orld, calculated to 
contain 24,000 hogsheads of tobacco. Beneath the ware- 
houses are numerous and excellent vaulted cellars, which 
have stowage for nearly 70,000 pipes of wine and spirits. 
The eastern dock, added a few years since, occupies near 
seven acres. Recently another entrance has been opened 
nearly a mile down the river, and is a great improvement. 
The board of directors consist of twenty-five members, 
of whom the Lord Mayor, as conservator of the River 
Thames, is one. 

THE WEST INDIA DOCKS 
Were executed and constructed by means of a fund 
raised by subscription, the principal receiving interest 
being ^1,380,000. These were the first and the most 
extensive establishments in the port of London. They 
were commenced in 1800, and partly opened in 1802. 
They consist of two large docks, each communicating 
by means of locks, with a basin at each end, both basins 
communicating with the Thames. Recently the company 
have added the south dock, 1,183 yards long, formerly 
the City canal, and which is now used for the wood trade, 
with an addition of a pond of thirteen acres for the re- 
ception of bonded timber. The export dock is 870 yards 
long by 135 yards in width. The import docks is the 



236 



BRIDGES. 



same length, and 166 yards wide : the whole will contain 
upwards of 600 vessels from 200 to 300 tons. The ware- 
houses on the four quays are of great extent, and well 
contrived. The whole area occupied by the docks, ware- 
houses, &c, is nearly 300 acres. These docks are situated 
across the narrowest part of the Isle of Dogs, which is 
formed by a circuit of the river, and communicates at 
Blackwall and Limehouse. 

THE EAST INDIA DOCKS 

Are situated at Blackwall, were commenced in 1803, and 
completed in 1806. There are two docks, the import and 
export : the import dock contain eighteen acres and the 
export about nine acres. The entrance basin, which con- 
nects the docks with the river, contains nearly three 
acres : the entrance lock is 210 feet in length and 48 
feet in width. From the depth of water, these docks can 
accommodate ships of greater burden than any other 
docks on the river. Attached is a splendid quay nearly 
700 feet in length, the depth of water at all times being 
sufficient to float the largest steam ships. These docks 
are 3 J miles from the City, and can be reached in the 
short space of ten minutes by means of the Blackwall 
railway. The management of the docks is committed to 
the care of twelve directors. 

THE COMMERCIAL DOCKS 

Are on the south side of the river Thames ; the docks 

are of great extent, the outer wall being nearly 50 acres, 

of which 38 acres are water ; they are intended for the 

reception of vessels, timber, corn, and other commodities. 

They have but trifling accommodation for warehousing, 

and are not constructed to bond all goods. The Surrey 

Canal Company admit vessels to be docked in the basin 

of their canal. 

BRIDGES. 

Formerly there were few bridges over the Thames, and 
those few constructed on rude and inferior principles; 
but these defects are now remedied. The bridges are not 
only numerous, but form objects of particular attraction 
for architectural and classical beauty. 



THE NEW LONDON BRIDGE. 237 



THE NEW LONDON BRIDGE 

Is a work of great magnitude and science, which embraces 
the whole span of the river ; and on each side a large 
dry arch is thrown over the streets running east and west; 
a plan well adapted to that busy part of the town, as it 
obviates the inconvenient obstruction which formerly 
occurred from two constant channels of industry crossing 
each other. This bridge stands considerably higher on 
each side than the old bridge, and is supported to its level 
by small dry arches. 

The first pile of the works was driven in March, 1 824 ; 
the first stone laid by the Lord Mayor, (Alderman 
Garratt,) June 15th, 1825. 

This noble structure was opened 1831 ; on which 
occasion William IV., with a numerous retinue, honoured 
the city with their presence. The design was by the late 
Mr. Rennie, and the superintendence of it devolved on 
his sons, Sir John and Mr. George Rennie. It was exe- 
cuted by Mr. Jolliffe and Sir Edward Banks. The bridge, 
which is executed in Scottish, Peterhead, and Derbyshire 
granite, consists of five elliptical arches ; the centre arch 
is very generally considered the finest ever executed. The 
piers have massive plinths and Gothic pointed cutwaters. 
The arches are surmounted with a bold projecting block 
cornice, which corresponds with the line of road way, 
covered with a plain blocking course, by way of parapet, 
which give the whole a simple, grand appearance. 

The approaches to the bridge, on both sides of the 
river, are now finished, and have a noble appearance. 
Those on the south side, called Wellington street ; the 
arm running eastward to Tooley street is named Duke 
street, and leads to the Greenwich, Croydon, and Brighton 
railways. 

On the north side, King William street forms part of 
the grand connecting line from the bridge to Islington, 
by Princes street ; the buildings on the west side of which 
now form noble public buildings, a continuation of the 
line being formed by the opening of Moorgate street to 



238 BLACKFRIARS BRIDGE. 

the City road, and from thence to Islington. Tims far, 
utility and beauty have gone hand in hand. 

SOUTHWARK BRIDGE. 
This grand fabric, of cast iron laid upon stone piers, was 
commenced in 1814. It consists of three arches, the 
centre one having a span of 240 feet, said to be the 
largest span of curve in the world, and that on each side 
210. The weight of metal employed exceeds 5,300 tons. 
The foundations of the piers are twelve feet below the 
bed of the river ; and the boxes of the immense wooden 
piles on which these foundations rest, are 26J feet lower ; 
the distance between the two abutments is 708 feet. 
The expense of the construction was ^800,000. It was 
completed and open for public use in March, 1819, from 
the designs of the elder Mr. Rennie, and cast by Messrs. 
Walker, of Rotherham. Recently a steam boat pier has 
been erected here, for the embarking of passengers, who 
pass free from the steam boats which call here. Foot 
passengers pay a penny on crossing this bridge. 

BLACKFRIARS BRIDGE 

Was built between the years 1760 and 176.9, by Robert 
Mylne, Esq., at an expense of <£l 52,840. It consists of nine 
elliptical arches. This beautiful bridge has been rescued 
from destruction, to which it was hastening, and invested 
with more than its original beauty, durability, and strength, 
while the carriage and waterways have been rendered safe 
and commodious without interrupting the navigation of 
the river or the traffic of the bridge. The splendid struc- 
ture which the public now witness, shows what can 
be done by the exertions of an able, intelligent, and inde- 
fatigable chairman (Mr. Prior), by raising each end of the 
bridge to meet the lowering of the crown, thus giving the 
gradual ascent for horses and carriages. 

From this bridge the stranger has a fine view of a part 
of St. Paul's, crowning the amphitheatre which rises from 
the river's border ; — the Tower, Somerset house, West- 
minster abbey, and upwards of thirty churches, are also 



WATERLOO BRIDGE. 239 

seen to advantage, affording an excellent opportunity of 
comparing the various styles of architecture. 

WATERLOO BRIDGE. 

As a speculation it has failed ; but as an ornament, it has 
even surpassed the expectations of the projectors. This 
noble structure was commenced in 1811, under the super- 
intendence of Mr. G. Dodd, and finished in 1817, under 
that of Mr. Rennie. It was opened on the anniversary 
of the battle of Waterloo. The arches are elliptical, and 
all of equal size ; consequently this bridge represents a 
level road raised fifty feet above the river, so as to bring 
it level with the Strand. The style of the architecture is 
plain, but noble, and the materials of the most durable 
kind, the outside courses being of Cornish and the balus- 
trades of Aberdeen granite. At each extremity are hand- 
some steps leading down to the river. 

The width of the river in this part is 1 ,326 feet at 
high water, and is covered by nine elliptical arches, of 
120 feet span, and 35 feet high, springing from piles 
20 feet wide. The entire length of this bridge is 2,456 
feet : the bridge and abutments being 1,380 feet, the 
approach from the Strand 310 feet, and the causeway on 
the Surrey side, as far as supported by the land arches, 
766 feet. M. Dupin, the celebrated engineer, calls this 
bridge, in his Memoir on the Public Works of England, "a 
colossal monument worthy of Sesostris and the Caesars." 

At the extremities of the bridge, where the toll is paid, 
are erected neat Doric lodges, at each of which is a 
curious contrivance for the purpose of checking. The iron 
turnstiles, which admit only one person to pass at a time, 
touch in the progress some machinery inclosed in the 
lodges of the nature of clock-work ; the index advances 
with each revolution, and thus indicates the number of 
persons that has passed. Foot passengers pay one half- 
penny on crossing the bridge. 

Waterloo bridge is a pleasant promenade in the summer 
evenings, being elevated considerably above the river, and 
open to every breeze that floats along. 



240 THE THAMES TUNNEL. 

WESTMINSTER BRIDGE 
Crosses the Thames from Old Palace yard to the oppo- 
site shore in Surrey, and bears a high character for sim- 
plicity of architecture. On each side is a fine stone 
balustrade, six feet nine inches high, with here and there 
large sheltered recesses, accommodated with seats. Four- 
teen piers support this bridge, forming fifteen arches, the 
centre one 76 feet in span, the others gradually decreasing 
four feet in width, as they reach the abutments, and its 
whole length 1,223 feet. The first stone was laid in a 
caisson, by the Earl of Pembroke, on the 29th of 
January, 1739, and the last stone by Thomas Ledyard, 
Esq. on the 10th of November, 1750; and opened on 
the 17th of the same month by a procession of gentlemen, 
and much ceremony. It was designed by, and executed 
under the direction of M. Labelie, a Swiss architect of 
much celebrity. It has long been undergoing a substantial 
repair, as some of the piers were found defective. 

VAUXHALL BRIDGE, 
A very elegant structure, thrown over the Thames, from 
Pimlico to a little eastward of the Southwestern Railway, 
at an expense of ,£150,000, to be defrayed by the tolls levied 
for crossing it. The first stone was laid in 1813, by the 
Duke of Brunswick, and the whole completed in 1816. 
It consists of nine cast iron arches, with piers faced with 
Kentish ragstone bedded in Roman cement as a founda- 
tion. It contributes in general to the beauty of the 
Metropolis, and in particular to the convenience of the 
inhabitants of Vauxhall, Lambeth, and their vicinity, 
affording them an easy communication with the houses of 
parliament, courts of law, Pimlico, Chelsea, &c. 

THE THAMES TUNNEL 
Was projected by Sir I. Brunei, and forms a subterraneous 
road of communication under the bed of the river, from 
Rotherhithe to Wapping ; it consists of a square mass of 
brick work, 37 feet by 22, containing in it two arched pas- 
sages, each sixteen feet, four inches in width, with a path 
of three feet for pedestrians ; the length of the tunnel is 



HACKNEY COACHES, CABRIOLETS, ETC. 



241 



'iilMMiiiliiiiiifl"!., 



■iiiinlii 




1200 feet, and the whole brilliantly illuminated with gas. 
Conveyance may be had every half-hour, by omnibus, 
from Piccadilly, Charing cross, Fleet street, and Grace- 
church street; also, every quarter of an hour by the 
Woolwich and Greenwich steam-boats, from Hungerford 
and other steam wharfs. 



HACKNEY COACHES, CABRIOLETS, AND OMNIBUSES. 
Until the early part of the present century, hackney 
coaches and sedan chairs were the only public vehicles 
used in the streets of London. The latter, introduced by 
Charles the First, on returning from his visit to Spain, 
though still occasionally employed at some of our watering 
places, have disappeared in the metropolis. Hackney 
coaches seem to have been established about the year 
1623. Like post chaises, they were to be had at the 
principal inns. Street stands of coaches originated in 
1634. In 1637, there were, in London and Westminster, 
fifty hackney coaches. After these vehicles, with the 
addition of chariots, had been in use two centuries, 
cabriolets, vulgarly called " cabs/' started up in rivalry. 
Great improvements have been effected in their construc- 

Y 



242 HACKNEY COACHES, CABRIOLETS, ETC. 

tion ; and we have them now greatly varied both in form 
and principle. 

The number of hackney coaches and cabriolets now 
licensed in London are 2,0(>0, each paying a duty of 10.9. 
per week. 

The fares of these vehicles are either according to 
distance, of Is. per mile, and 6d. for every additional half 
mile ; or according to time, of Is. for half an hour, and 
6c?. for every additional quarter of an hour ; the fares of 
cabriolets are two-thirds of those of hackney coaches. 

Omnibuses, constituting one of the most beneficial 
accommodations for " the people" ever introduced, are of 
French origin, and made their first appearance in London 
in 1830. They were first tried on the New road, from 
Paddington to the Bank, and soon extended to all the 
great thoroughfares. The great lines of streets — those 
which, coming down from the east end of the city, from 
the East India House, the Bank, and the Royal Exchange, 
lead to the west end, through Cheapside, Ludgate hill, 
Fleet street, and the Strand, to Charing cross, and up the 
Haymarket, to Regent street and Piccadilly ; or striking 
from Cheapside, down Newgate street, through Holborn 
and Oxford street — are constantly crowded with omni- 
buses passing to and fro. On the road from Paddington 
to the Bank and Royal Exchange — a great thoroughfare, 
which, passing by Islington, connects the west end of 
London with the city. The mail and stage coaches, going 
by the north roads, generally call at the Angel inn and 
the Peacock tavern, which are near to each other, in 
Islington ; and those going south, call at the Elephant 
and Castle inn, at Newington. These two northern and 
southern points, therefore, are great gathering places and 
stations for short stages and omnibuses. The omnibuses 
start from Islington to the Elephant and Castle. There 
are two roads, meeting at a point at the Angel, which 
lead into the city — one called the City Road, which leads 
direct to the Bank and Royal Exchange; the other, 
termed the Goswell street road, which keeps a little more 
south than the City road, and leads into St. Martin's le 



HACKNEY COACHES, CABRIOLETS, ETC. 243 

Grand, past the General Post Office, down Newgate street, 
through Farringdon street, and across the Thames by 
Blackfriars bridge. In addition to the omnibuses plying 
between the Angel inn and the Elephant and Castle inn, 
there are others plying between the latter and Charing 
cross, King's cross, Paddington, &c. Bishopsgate street, in 
the city, is awell-known place for Short Stage Coaches 
and Omnibuses. In Gracechurch street, which is a conti- 
nuation of Bishopsgate street, stage coaches and omni- 
buses ply chiefly to Camberwell and Clapham, Dulwich, 
Peckham, Norwood, Mitcham, &c, and to Deptford, 
Greenwich, Blackheath, Lewisham, &c, in Kent. This 
entire neighbourhood swarms with stage coaches and om- 
nibuses, starting at all hours of the day to every quarter 
of London and its vicinity. In all the leading thorough- 
fares of the metropolis, omnibuses are to be met every few 
minutes proceeding in all directions, from eight o'clock 
in the morning till twelve at night. It is computed there 
are nearly 700 omnibuses for London and 200 for the 
environs, and they are said to have upwards of 70,000 
passengers each day. 

The omnibuses are generally constructed to carry from 
twelve to fourteen inside passengers, and one or two out- 
sides. For short distances, of not more than four or five 
miles, the fare is usually sixpence ; the entire fare, how- 
ever, being taken, whether the passenger go the whole or 
only part of the distance. At several of the principal om- 
nibus stations, there are time-keepers appointed by the 
proprietors to regulate their movements. 

The stranger, on his first visit to the metropolis, will be 
amazed at the immense number of all descriptions of 
vehicles, wagons, carts, &c. &c, to be seen in every di- 
rection, and how they all find sufficient employment must 
fill him with astonishment. The wagons and carts mostly 
display in front the City arms, consisting of a white 
shield and a dagger, which shows the owner to be a free- 
man of the City of London, and, consequently not liable 
to the City toll collected from all carts, &c, in passing 
through the City. At times he will be much annoyed by 



244 STEAM BOATS. 

the great noise which is always heard in the leading 
streets of the metropolis. 

STEAM BOATS. 
It was no further back than the year 1815, that the first 
vessel propelled by steam, upon the Thames, was brought 
from Glasgow, by Mr. G. Dodd ; and now there are 
several hundreds of these delightful conveyances in daily 
transit, up and down the river. In proportion to their 
increase has been the accommodation and enjoyment of the 
inhabitants and visitors of the metropolis, who, by their 
means, may now regulate their movements by water with 
the same precision as by land. The advantage of water 
excursions to health — the salutary impetus which they 
impart to the animal spirits — can be appreciated only by 
those who may be confined to the busy town by mecha- 
nical, trading, or professional pursuits. There is no safer 
mode of conveyance than by steam, when under the con- 
duct of careful and scientific men. The number of acci- 
dents which happen by steam, whether upon the water or 
upon railroads, is small, when compared with that occur- 
ring by stage coaches ; and, were but one simple measure 
of precaution resorted to, the risk would be almost anni- 
hilated. Steam carriages in general, and, without excep- 
tion, ought to be placed under a duly authorised inspec- 
torship, as to the safety and soundness of their engines 
and machinery ; and no man should be appointed to the 
office of engineer unless he had passed a regular exami- 
nation, with reference to the sobriety of his character, and 
his scientific knowledge of the power of steam. 

There are now steam boats from London to almost 
all the ports round the coasts of England, Scotland, and 
Ireland ; and to those of France, and other parts of the 
continent. 

The principal company occupying the stations is the 
General Steam Navigation, 69, Lombard street; 35, 
Leadenhall street; and 37, Regent Circus, Piccadilly, 
whose splendid, conveniently arranged, and powerful 
steam ships leave London according to their printed 



RAIL ROADS. 215 

monthly circular, to be had at their offices, and at Mr. 
Cruch ley's, 81, Fleet street. This company offers 
peculiar advantages to the continental tourist from their 
extensive connexions, and more particularly with the 
Dusseldorf and Basle Eagle Steam Boat Companies, 
which traverse between Rotterdam and all places on the 
Rhine. 

The Margate, Ramsgate, and Gravesend boats go 
mostly from the wharfs immediately below London bridge, 
on the north side of the Thames, and a few calling at 
Blackwall ; — the Greenwich, and Woolwich boats, which 
are very numerous, starting every quarter of an hour, 
from Hungerford, Queenhithe, Dyer's wharf, Old Swan, 
and London bridge; — and to Richmond daily. 

From the spirit of competition which universally pre- 
vails, the steam boat fares are constantly fluctuating ; but, 
generally, they are exceedingly moderate; and, invariably, 
the accommodations and refreshments have the combined 
merit of being "good and cheap;" the charges for break- 
fast, dinner, wine, spirits, &c, not exceeding those of 
moderate coffee houses. 

RAILROADS. 

The London and Grenwich Railway, the first exe- 
cuted of its class, having its commencement in the metro- 
polis, connects the city of London with the populous towns 
of Deptford and Greenwich, by a line which shortens the 
distance nearly one- third. Commencing at the south side 
of London bridge, it is carried in nearly a straight line to 
the High street of Deptford, whence it is continued with 
a gentle curve across the Ravensborne river to its ter- 
minus, about 200 yards from the church at Greenwich. 
The rails are laid throughout on a viaduct, composed of 
about 1,000 arches, each of eighteen feet span, twenty- 
two feet high, and twenty-five feet in width, from side to 
side. A parapet wall, about four feet high, ranges on 
each side. A branch railway, 2,250 feet in length, is 
about to be carried from the main line at the High street, 
Deptford, to the river side, where a pier has been con- 
structed to facilitate the embarking and landing of pas- 
sengers by steam vessels. 

y2 



246 RAIL ROADS. 

The railway trains start every quarter of an hour, from 
eight o'clock in the morning till ten o'clock at night. 
Fares, 6d. and 9d. each. 

London and Birmingham Railway is close to 
Euston square, New road, Somers town. The trains run 
several times daily the whole distance on this important line 
from London to Birmingham; with a continuation by the 
Grand Junction Railway, to Manchester and Liverpool, 
calling at the principal towns in the whole line. 

Great Western Railway commences at Praed 
Street, Paddington, and proceeds to Bath and Bristol, 
and from thence to Bridgewater; and the railway is in 
progress for a continued line to Exeter. 

London and Blackwall Railway commences at 
60, Fenchurch street. It is worked by stationary engines, 
similar to the Birmingham line from Euston square to 
Chalk Farm, which is calculated to be a great saving to 
the company. Fares, sixpence and fourpence. 

London and South Western Railway com- 
mences at Nine Elms, Vauxhall. Steam boats start from 
London bridge and the intermediate steam wharfs to this 
railway, and arrive in time for the various trains. 

The Croydon and Brighton Railways commence 
at the Greenwich terminus, London bridge. This likewise 
is the terminus of the South Eastern Railway or London 
and Dover. 

Eastern Counties and Northern and Eastern 
Counties Railways. — Part of these railways are open 
at the terminus, 41, Shoreditch ; the Eastern to Brent- 
wood, the Northern and Eastern to Spelbrook and 
Stortford. 

Particulars of the various railways may be obtained at 
the principal inns and booking offices, from whence omni- 
buses run to the commencement of the various railways. 
Fares, 6d. and Sd. each. 



PLAN 

FOR 

VIEWING THE PRINCIPAL OBJECTS 
fox tty flfletropolte 

IN THE MOST ADVANTAGEOUS MANNER 
AND SHORTEST TIME. 



The following brief, and it is hoped, Comprehensive Plan, 
for viewing the principal objects of this great metropolis, in 
the short time of seven daps, has been compiled from an actual 
survey, taken with a view to render the Foreigner, who can 
read our language, and the Stranger of our own country, 
independent of relations or friends, by pointing out a manner 
in which the most conspicuous objects may be viewed without 
the trouble, and, consequently, loss of time, of going over the 
same ground twice. 

It being advisable, in a work of this nature, to start from a 
given point, and Charing Cross being centrically situated 
with regard to the City and West end, it was thought best 
suited for that purpose ; but the several Routes may be fallen 
into where most convenient. 

Of course, much will depend upon the season of the year ; 
and, where circumstances will admit, we would recommend 
our visitor to commence his perambulations in the Spring, 
nature and art combining at that period, to enhance the plea- 
sure of such an undertaking ; and, merely recommending an 
inspection of the Map previously to each excursion, we trust 
the simplicity of our Plan will speak for itself, and that his 
gratification will prove equal to his most sanguine expecta- 
tions. 



248 



FIRST DAY'S ROUTE. 



FIRST DAY'S ROUTE. 



ON THE LEFT HAND. 

Craig' s court, Museum of 
Economic Geology.. In Scot- 
land yard, Palace Court of 
law. 



Whitehall chapel, in the 
rear a fine bronze statue of 
James II.. Whitehall place, 
Metropolitan Police Office 
Middle Scotland yard, United 
Service Institution . . White 
hall gardens, Sir R. Peel, bt., 
M.P. 



Richmond ter. . 43, Clerks 
of the House of Commons 
office . . 43, Parliamentary 
Journal office . . 40, Clergy 
Mutual Assurance Society.. 
Bridge street, AVestminster. 



Charing cross. 
Statue of Charles I. 



Whitehall. 



Parliament st. 



OS THE LEFT HAND. 



49, Drummond and Co., 
Bankers.. 41, Salopian Coffee 
House.. 45, Snip Hotel, and 
general booking office. 

The Admiralty, Horse 
Guards, entrance to St. 
James's park . . Dover house. . 
Home office.. Alien office.. 
Privy Council Office.. Trea- 
sury and Board of Trade. 



New Houses of Parliament 
(building) . . Westminster 
Hall, Courts of Law.. 1, Ex- 
chequer Hotel. 



House of Commons, and 
House of Lords. 



15, Society for the extinc- 
tion of the Slave Trade.. 
Great George street, leading 
to St. James's park. 



New Palace yard 



The South end of the new 
Houses of Parliament (build- 
ing) . . Parliament stairs. 



The Horse Ferry, and on 
opposite side of the river, 
Lambeth palace and church. 



Millbank stairs .. Vauxhall 
bridge. 



Equitable Gas Works. . Wil- 
low walk, leading to the 
Monster Tea Gardens. 



Grosvenor Canal Bridge. 



Old Palace yard 
Abingdon street. 

Millbank street. 

Millbank. 

Turn to the right to 
Vauxhall bdg. rd 
leading to Pimlico. 

LEFT 

Victoria road. 



Statue of Canning. . Guild- 
hall of Westminster.. New 
Westminster Hospital . . St. 
Margaret's church.. Henry 
the Seventh's chapel, and 
Westminster Abbey. 

Poets' Corner. . entrance tc 
Westminster Abbey. 



32, Parliamentary Paper 
Sale Office.. 28, Privy Seal 
and Signet Office . . College 
street, leading to Westmin- 
ster School. 



In Church street, church of 
St. John the Evangelist. 



Penitentiary. 



Ranelagh Grove, leading t( 
RanelaghHouse andGrounds, 
the site of Ranelagh Gar- 
dens. 



Queen street. 



Penitentiary . . Edward st. 
leading to Vincentsquare, th( 
Play ground for the West 
minster scholars. 



StreetsleadingtoBelgrave 
Eaton, and Chester squares. 



Streets leading to Belgrave 
Eaton, and Chester squares. 



FIRST DAYS ROUTE 



249 



OX THE LEFT HAND. 



Chelsea Pensioners' Burial 
Ground. 



ChelseaHospitalandGrounds, 
Botanical Gardens. 



Hospital Grounds. 



74 and 75, Cadogan Hotel. . 
Hans place. 



Albert gate, new entrance 
to Hyde Park, 



Triumphal entrance to 
Hyde Park . . Apsley House, 
the Duke of Wellington's. 



Green Park. 



The Mall. 



Cannons from Egypt. 



Grosvenor row. 

Jews' row. 
The New Walk. 

Paradise row. 

Return through the 
New Walk to 

Franklin rorv. 
Whitelands. 

RIGHT. 

King's Road. 

Sloane square. 
Sloane street. 

RIGHT. 

Knightsbridge. 

Hyde Park. 
Corner. 

St. James's park. 
down 

Constitution hill 
The Palace 
and left to 

The Enclosure. 

The Parade. 

Through 

Th e Horse G uards 

LEFT 

Charing Cross. 



ON THE RIGHT HAND. 



Celebrated Chelsea Bun 
House. 



Franklyn row, leading to 
the Royal Military Asylum. 

Grounds belonging to the 
Hospital. 



Turk's row.. Entrance to 
the Royal Military Asylum. 

*** Persons of respectable 
appearance are admitted gra- 
tis. The boys go through 
the gymnastic exercises, and 
the juvenile band practise in 
the open grounds every Fri- 
day afternoon. 



Trinity church .. Chelsea 
National Schools . . Cadogan 
place. . and square. . Glouces- 
ter Tavern . . Belgrave and 
Cadogan Literary and Scien- 
tific Institutions. 



Foot Guards Barracks. 



St. George's Hospital. . Tri- 
umphal arch (a police station) 
and carriage entrance to St. 
James's Park. 



Palace gardens, and Buck- 
ingham Palace. 



Lodge. . New Barracks for 
the Foot Guards. . Ornitholo- 
gical Society's cottage. 



Treasury and other offices. . 
Large mortar from Spain. 



250 



SECOND DAY'S ROUTE. 

SECOND DAY'S ROUTE. 



ON THE LEFT HAXD. 



Spring: gardens, and En- 
trance to St. James's Park. 



27, British Coffee House. 



Duke of York's Column, 
entrance, St. James's Park.. 
116, United Service Club.. 107, 
AthenseumClub.. 106,Travel- 
lers'Club. . 104, Reform Club. . 
Qi,CarltonClub. . 86, Ordnance 
Office.. 71, Oxford and Cam- 
bridge Club. 



88, Conservative Club.. 87, 
Graham's Club.. 85, Albion 
Club. . 69, Arthur's Club. .61, 
Brookes's Club. . 69, West In- 
dia Club. . 50, St. James's Club 
..49, Guards' Club. 



156, Bath Hotel . . Old White 
Horse Hotel and Coach Office 
. . Green Park . . Reservoir. . 
Triumphal arch. 



The Conservatory, &c. 



The Swan. . Crown Hotel. . 
Hyde Park Gardens, and 
splendid improvements.. St. 
George's burial ground. 



Streets leading to the Re- 
gent's Park. 



72, Auction Rooms .. 18, 
Stevens' Hotel . 16, Long's 
Hotel. 



21, Auction Rooms .. 17, 
Entomological Society.. 10, 
Western Exchange and Ba- 
zaar. 



Charing Cross. 
Cockspur street. 



Pall Mall 



RIGHT 

St. James's street, 



LEFT 

Piccadilly. 



RIGHT 

Hyde park. 



King's Private 

road, 

Kensington gdns. 

along the path to the 

left to 
Kensington palace 
Principal path to the 

JJxbridge road. 

RIGHT 

Oxford road. 
Oxford street. 

RIGHT 

New Bond street. 
Old Bond street. 



ON THE RIGHT HAND. 



Equestrian statue of Km\ 
George III. 



41, Union Hotel. 



Hay market, Opera House. 
Waterloo place .. 29, Roy? 
Exchange Assurance .. 52, 
British Institution.. 53, So- 
ciety of Painters in Watei 
Colours.. 57, Zoological So- 
ciety. 



Princes Theatre, and in King 
street, 16, Farquhar and Co. 
Bankers. . 28, Boodle's Club. , 
41, York Chambers. . Willis' 
Assembly Rooms. 



67, Hatchett's, and 76, Glou- 
cester Hotels and Coach Offi- 
ces. . 78, Dukeof Devonshire. 
94, Duke of Cambridge.. 148 
Baron Rothschild. . 149, Duke 
of Wellington .. Triumphs 
arch. . Entrance to Hyde Park 
Statue of Achilles. 



Cascade, Conduit, Serpen- 
tine River, and the New 
Bridge. 



The Mount. 



The Basin. 



Entrance to Kensington 
gardens. . New Victoria Gate 
..Hyde Park.. Cumberland 
Gate. 



Streets leading to Grosve- 
nor square. 



94, Blenheim Hotel.. 160, 
Royal Naval Club.. 169, Cla- 
rendon Hotel. 



25, Sir W. Call and Co., 
Bankers.. 28, Sale Rooms.. 
Temporary exhibitions open- 
in this street occasionally. 



THIRD DAYS ROUTE, 



251 



ON THE LEFT HAND. 



Burlington Arcade 
Burlington House. 



and 



No. 10, Polish Association 
and Sussex Chambers. 



Princes Theatre 
Rooms. . Almacks. 



Willis's 



11, Wyndham Club House 
. . York street, whence we see 
St. James's church . . Erich- 
theum Club.. No. 21, Norfolk 
House, Duke of Norfolk. 



Piccadilly. 

Duke street 
King street. 

St. James' ssquare. 

John street and 

Pall Mall, to 

Charing cross. 



ON TH E RIGHT HAND. 

Egyptian Hall .. Exhibi- 
tions of a temporary nature 
are generally to be seen here. 



15, Colonial Club. . 16, Army 
and Navy Club.. 17, Duke of 
Cleveland .. In the centre 
statue of William III. 



THIRD DAY'S ROUTS. 



ON THE LEFT HAND. 



12, Clarence Club House. 



l, Warren's Hotel.. 11, St. 
Philip's church .. 15, Club 
Chambers ..21, Horticultural 
Society .. 27, Cercle des 
Etrangers Club. 



Steam Navigation Office. . 
General Coach Offices. 



65, Arundel Chambers. . 77 
York Chambers .. 169, White 
Horse Tavern . . 209, Cosmo- 
rama and other exhibitions. . 
234, Hanover chapel. 



271, Castle Tavern.. 309, 
Polytechnic Institution. 



LanghamHouse. . Countess 
of Mansfield. 



38, Lord Denman.. 51, Duke 
of Richmond .. 61, Sir W. 
Curtis, Bt. 



Saint Mary-le-bone New 
church. 

7, Sir Peter Laurie. 



Charing cross. 
Cockspur street. 
Waterloo place. 

Regent street. 



Regent circus, 
Cross Piccadilly. 

Quadrant. 

Regent street. 

Regent circus. 

Cross Oxford street. 

Regent street. 

Langham place. 

Portland place. 

Park crescent. 
Bear to the right 

and cross 

PaddingtonNewRoad 

to 

Park square. 



ON THE RIGHT HAND. 



Royal GeographicalSociety 



Junior United Service Club 
. . Carlton Chambers. . 14, Par- 
thenon Club. 



Bull and Mouth Coach Of- 
fice. . and Steam Packet Com- 
panies. 



County Fire Office, 
gent Chambers. 



52, Re- 



ArchbishopTennison's cha- 
pel and school. . Argyll place, 
leading to Marlborough street 
and Police Office... 12, Union 
Bank. 



All Souls' church. 



26, Lord Radstock. . 19, Lord 
Teignmouth. 

Statue of the Duke of Kent. 



Trinity church. 



16, Tricoupi, M. S., Greek 
Minister. . 18. Diorama. 



252 



THIRD 



ON THE LEFT HAND. 

The Regent's Park, through 
which is a road in a line with 
Portland Place, from Park 
square to the eastern corner 
of the Zoological gardens.. 
Sir Herbert Taylor's Villa.. 
Southern portion and en- 
trance to Zoological gardens 
. . Marquis of Hertford's Villa 
..The Lake. 



Regent's Park. 

Proceed along the 

road and through 

Clarence gate, 

and cross 

Park road 



ON THE RIGHT HAND. 



10, Marques Lisboa, Brazi 
lian Minister.. 15, Bernard 
Hebeler, Prussian Consul. 



Portman Chapel.. 11, L. de 
Florez Pampillo, Spanish Em- 
bassy. 

17, Duke of Newcastle. . 12, 
Duke of Hamilton. 



St. Mark's church. 

31 , Earl of Westmoreland. . 
36, Marquis of Exeter.. 39 ; 
Earl of Harrowby . . 40, Arch- 
bishop of York. 

Mount street, leading to 
Berkeley square. . South Aud 
ley chapel. . Curzon House. 

Earl Howe Chesterfield 

House, Earl of Chesterfield. 
"~ T6rSir~H7Halford. .17, Lord 
Bruce. 



Upper Baker st. 
York place. 

Baker street. 

Portman square 

Orchard street. 
Cross Oxford st., to 

North Audley st. 
Grosvenor square. 



Colosseum. . Cambridge Ter. I 
. . Chester Ter . . Cumberlandl 
Ter.. St. Catherine's ch. and! 
Alms Houses .. Gloucester 
Lodge, road to Camden Town 
. . The Regent's canal, Zoolo- 
gical gardens . . Macclesfield 
Gate, road to Finchley . . Han- 
over Lodge, Earl of Dun- 
donald.. Hanover Gate. 



58, Madame Tussaud's Ex- 
hibition . 



The square .. At opposite 
corner Montague house, Lord 
Rokeby. 



8, Lord G. Somerset 
Earl of Poulet. 



9, 



South Audley st. 

LEFT 

Curzon street 

RIGHT 

Clarges street. 

Enter 
Green Park. 



26, Lord Foley. . 25, Lord 
Poltimore..24, Earl of Shaftes- 
bury.. 17, Earl Fortescue. 



Stanhope street, leading to 
Stanhope Gate, Hyde Park. 



30, Princess Sophia of Glou- 
cester. . Curzon chapel. 



Mansion of Earl Spencer.. 
Sutherland House, Duke of 
Suther l and. 

Stable yard.. St. James's 
Palace.. Marlborough House 
Terrace. . Carlton House Ter- 
race (the site of Carlton 
House).. Duke of York's co- 
lumn, and wa y to Pall Mall. 



37, Bishop of St. David's. 
47, Duke of Grafton. 



Reservoir. 



Queen's Mews and Riding 
School. 



Queen's walk. 



LEFT 

The Mall. 

Through 

Spring Garden 

Passage 

to Cock spur st. and 

Charing Cross 



Green Park. 



St. James's Park. 



FOURTH DAY'S ROUTE. 



253 



FOURTH DAY'S ROUTE, 



ON THE LE FT HAND. 

Trafalgar sq. . Union Club. . 
College of Physicians . . Na- 
tional Gallery. . Royal Acade- 
my of Arts. . Barracks. 



101, Apollonicon. 
cour's Hotel. 



82, Fri 



St. Martin's court, leading 
to Leicester square, in which 
is the Panorama, &c. 



27, Westminster Fire Office 
. . 29, Eccentric Club. . 35, Gar- 
rick Club. . 43, Grand Hotel 



Richardson's Hotel. . Piazza 
Coffee-house. . Tavistock Ho- 
tel . . Russell Coffee-house . . 
Bedford Hotel. . Piazza. 



26, Albion Tavern.. Bow st. 
in which is the Police Office. , 
Covent Garden Theatre. 



Broad court.. 22, Wrekin 
Tavern and Tavistock chapel 



Charing Cross. 



St. Martin s lane. 

RIGHT 

New street. 



ON THE RIGHT HAND. 



Branch of the General Post 
Office. . l, Morley's Hotel.. 3, 
Humane Society .. St. Mar- 
tin's church. 



68, Mitre Tavern. 



14, Swan Hotel. 



British Museum. . 95, Gene- 
ral Cemetery Office .99, Scien- 
tific Society. 



Bedford place, and statue 
of the Duke of Bedford .. 6, 
Orthopedic Institution. 



.3, Sir John Soane's Museum 
Lincoln's Inn Garden's. 



39, White Hart Tavern.. 
25, Castle Tavern. . 20, Gray's 
Inn Coffee-house.. Holborn 
court, entrance to Gray's Inn.i 



King's street. 

Covent Garden. 
Conservator^/. 

Great Russell st 
Little Russell st 

LEFT 

Drury lane. 
Cross Holborn to 

Museum street. 

RIGHT 

Great Russell st 

Rloomsbury sq. 
Southampton st. 

Cross 
High Holborn to 

Little Queen st. 

to the LEFT 

Lincoln slnnfields 

TO THE LEFT 

Turnstile, 
at end of which 

Holborn. 



3, Rainbow Hotel. 



3, Gordon Hotel.. 17, Rus- 
sell Hotel .. Southampton 
street, leading to the Strand. 



11, New Hummums Tav. 
Charles street, and new 
street from Waterloo Bridge. 



Drury lane Theatre. 



In Great Queen street, 62, 
Freemasons'Tavern, 63, Free- 
masons' Hall. . Wesleyan cha- 
pel. 



Hart street, in which is 
the church of St. George's, 
Bloomsbury. 



73, Literary Fund Society. 



Statue of C. J. Fox. 



Trinity church. 



67, Christian Knowledge 
Society.. 31, Green's Hotel. 
33, Insolvent Debtors' Court 
. . 35, Architectural Society. . 

, College of Surgeons. 



Chancery lane and Inns of 
Law, Holborn bars (a bound- 
ary of the city) a little past 
which are Staple's, Furnival's, 
and Bernard's Inns. 



254 



FOURTH DAYS ROUTE. 



ON THE LEFT HAND. 



Gray's Inn, Law Court, aud 
Gray's Inn Gardens. 



Lamb's Conduit 
leading to Holborn. 



street, 



Sidmouth street, leading to 
Regent's square.. St. Peter's 
andNationalScotch churches. 

Liverpool street and Liver- 
pool chapel. 



Mabledon place, leading to 
Burton crescent, in which is 
a statue of Major Cartwright 
..St. Pancras New church.. 
Euston square. 



University College, Univer- 
sity Hospital.. Gower street 
chapel. 



Streets leaning to Gordon, 
Woburn, and Torrington 
squares. 

Charlotte street, in which 
is Percy chapel . . Rathbone 
place, leading to Oxford street 
and Soho square and Bazaar 
. . Newman street. 



7, Berners Hotel. 



Church of St. Ann, Soho. 
Cranbourn street, leading to 
Leicester square, in which are 
Miss Linwood's Gallery, Pa 
11 orama, and other exhibitions 

~2°7Coffee Rooms. T30, Din 
ing Room. 



g, Cafe" de 1' Europe. . Hay- 
market Theatre ..At 6£ in 
Suffolk street, is the British 
Artists Society. 



To the LEFT 

Gray's Inn lane. 

To the LB FT 

Guilford street* 

Return to 
Gray's Inn lane. 

King's Cross. 



New road. 



LEFT 

Gower street. 

RIGHT 

University street, 

LEFT 

Tottenham 
Court Road. 

RIGHT 

Goodge street. 
Charles street. 

LEFT 

Berners sii^eet. 

Cross Oxford street 
to Wardour street. 



Princes street. 



Coventry street. 



LEFT 

Hay market. 
Cockspur street. 
Charing Cross. 



ON THE RIGHT HAND. 



Calthorpe street, and back of 
the Middlesex House of Cor- 
rection. 



Foundling Hospital. 



St. Andrew's Burial ground, 
and Welch school . . Trinity 
church .. Seddon's Cabinet 
Manufactory. . Cubit, builder. 



Maiden -lane, leading to 
Highgate .. Small Pox and 
Fever Hospitals. 



Streets leading to Somers* 
town. . Euston square, to the 
Birmingham Railway Station . 



Tottenham Court chapel. 
British and Foreign School. 



Charlotte street, leading to 
Fitzroy square. 



Middlesex Hospital. 



53, Royal Medical and Chi- 
rurgical Society. 



Chamberlain and Co.'s 
Royal Porcelain Show rooms. 



48, Giraudier's Hotel.. 56, 
Steam Packet Office. . 58, Ho- 
tel de Paris. . Opera House. 



FIFTH DAYS ROUTE. 



FIFTH DAY'S ROUTE. 



OK THK LEFT HAND. 



St. Martin's lane, Post Of- 
fice, Morley's Hotel, 452, Gol- 
den Cross Hotel . . Lowther 
Arcade, Adelaide Gallery. 



411, Adelphi Theatre. . South- 
ampton st. leading- to Covent 
garden Market and church. . 
3/5, Exeter Hall Hotel, 372, 
Exeter Hall . . 345, Courier 
Newspaper . Catherine St., 
leading to Drury lane Theatre, 
Church of St. Mary- le-Strand 



Pickett st. . . 265, Angel Inn 
263, Vestry Hall. 



Streets leading to Lincoln's 
Inn. . Chancery lane. 



18Q,Praedand Co., Bankers 
..187, Law Life Assurance.. 
St. Dunstan's Church and 
Clifford's Inn.. 177, Peele's 
Coffee-house. . 166, Johnson's 
court.. 164, Anderton's Hotel 
..156, Portugal Hotel.. 142, 
Kings and Key. . Farringdon 
St.. Obelisk to Aid. Waithman. 



Belle Sauvage Inn and coach 
office. . Old Bailey. . 24, Lon- 
don Coffee-house. 



St. Martin's church . . 35, 
Stationers' court, leading to 
Stationers' Hall. 



St. Paul's Cathedral. 
Paul's school. 



St. 



St. Antholin's cji . . 62, Po- 
lice Station.. 68, Fire Engine 
Station. 



Great St. Thomas Apostle, 
leading to Cloak lame, in 
which is the Skinners' Hall. 



Suffolk lane, in which is 
Merchant Taylors' school.. 
Streetleadingto King William 
street, and steps up to Lon 
don Bridge. 



Charing Cross. 
West Strand. 

Strand. 

St. Clement's ch, 
Temple Bar. 

Fleet street. 

Ludgate hill. 

Ludgate street. 

South side of 
St. Paul's Ch. Yard, 

Watling street. 

RIGHT 

Queen street. 

LEFT 

Upper Thames st, 



ON TF1E RIGHT HAND. 



Northumberland House . 
HungerfordMarketandSteam 
Wharf. . Buckingham st. lead- 
ing to Adelphi terrace. . John 
street, Society of Arts. 

Savoy street, leading to 
German Lutheran chapel . . 
Wellington street an d Water- 
loo Bridge. . Fancy Glass Ex-! 
hibition . . Somerset House. . 
King's College. 102, Somer- 
set Hotel.. Strand Theatre.. 
189, Crown and Anchor Tav. 



Essexstreet. . Dr. Priestley's 
chapel, and entrance to the 
Temple.. 213, George Hotel. 
1, Childs &Co. Bankers.. 8, 
Dick's Coffee-house.. Temple 
Church, Hall, Gardens, &c. 



15, Rainbow Tavern.. 19, 
Gosling and Co., Bankers.. 
Serjeants' Inn . . 64, Bolt-in- 
Tun, one of the oldest hotels 
in London.. 81, the Publisher 
of this Guide. . St. Bride's ch. 
. . New Bridge street (in which 
is Bridewell Prison) leading to 
Blackfriars bridge .. Obelisk 
to Alderman Wilkes. 



Albion Insurance Company 
..9, Harvey and Son's new 
splendid shop. 



Pilgrim street, leading to 
Apothecaries' Hali and the 
Ti mes newspap er office. 

6,St.Paul's Hotel.. Doctors 
C ommons. 

Allhallows church. . St. Mary 
Aldermary. 



Maiden lane, leading to' 
St. James's chur. . Vintners* 
Hall. . South wark bridge. 



Allhallows church. . Dyers 
Hall Steam Wharf. . Old Swan 
Steam Wharf .. The Shades.. 
London Bridge. 



256 



FIFTH DAY S ROUTE. 



ON THE LEFT HAND. 



Fish street hill, and Monu- 
ment.. 128, Poole's Hotel.. 
96* Coal Exchange.. 84, City 
Gauger's Office.. 77, Custom 
House Tavern . 66, Havre 
Steam Packet Office. 



Trinity house and Square. 



Minories.. Black wall Rail 
way crosses. 



The Royal Mint. 



Well street, in which is the 
Destitute Sailors' Institution 
. . Neptune street, leading to 
Wellclose square, and Danish 
church. 

Cannon street, in which is 
church of St. George's in the 
East. 



Lower Thames st 

Great Tower hill. 

Postern row. 

Cross 

Little Tower hill. 

Upper 
East Smithfield 

Parson 9 s street. 



ON THE RIGHT HAND. 



Cross Swivel bridge, be- 
longing to London Docks. 



Execution Dock. 



New Dock of the London 
Docks, and Swivel bridge. 



Ratcliffe Highway. 



New Road. 



East India Company 'sTram 
Road, and streets leading to 
Ratcliffe Highway. 



Ratcliffe highway 

RIGHT 

Old Gravel lane. 

RIGHT 

Wapping street. 
Cross the Thames at 
Execution Dock to 

Elephant stairs. 

LEFT 

Church Passage, 

Rotherhithe. 
Recross the Thames 
from Hanover stairs 
to New Crane stairs. 
New Gravel lane. 

Cross High street, 
Shadwell. 

TO 

Union street. 

Cross street. 

Dean street. 

at end of which 

Commercial road. 



St. Magnus the Martyr ch. 
. . Fresh wharf. . London br. 
steam wharf .. Nicholson's 
steam wharf. . Billingsgate. . 
Custom House and Quay.. 
Hull steam packets. 



The Tower. 



The Tower. 



St. Katherine's Dock Office, 
and entrance to warehouses 
. . St. Katherine's Docks. 



Entrance to London Docks. 



Streets leading to Ware- 
houses of London Docks. 



Cross Swivel bridge, be- 
longing to London Docks. 



Church of St. Mary, Ro- 
therhithe. . Entrance to the 
Thames Tunnel. 



Dock and Swivel bridge. 



A little distance to the 
right, church of St. Paul, 
Shadwell. 



New road leading to the 
Commercial road. 



Philpot street, in which is 
the Scotch church, Stepney 
new church, and at end Lon- 
don Hospital. 



FIFTH DAY'S ROUTE. 



257 



OY THE LEFT II AVI). 



Ailie St., leading to Leman 
St. and the Garrick Theatre. 



Minories. 



Jewry St., leading to Tower 
. 5, Saracen's Head Hotel 



23, East India Chambers. 
35, Steam Packet office.. East 
India House .. Leadenhall 
Market. 



St. Peter's church . . St. 
Michael's church. . 35, British 
Commercial Company . . 34, 
Waghorn's Office (India). . 30, 
General Maritime Assurance 
..21, Westminster Life Assu- 
rance.. . 7, Globe Fire Office. 



The Mansion House. 



Bow church. . In Friday st. 
St. Martin's church. 



40, King's Head Tavern.. 
25, Grapes Tavern 24, Rain 
bow Tavern. . Newgate Mar- 
ket. . Newgate Prison. 



Farringdon street. 



St. Andrew's church.. 
Thavies'Inn..Bernard'sInn. . 
20, Bernard's Inn Coffee-ho. . 
7, Blue Posts. . Staples Inn. 



59, Law Association . . 22, 
Chichester Chambers.. 15, 
Palace Court office. . Common 
Pleas Office.. Symond's and 
Serjeant's Inns. 



Ch. of St. Clement's Danes 



Lyon's Inn, 



Church lane ; 

end of which 

Whitechapel. 

High street. 

LEFT 

Aldgate High St. 
Aid gate. 

Leadenhall street. 



CornhilL 

Mansion House st 
Poultry. 

Cheapside. 

Newgate street. 

Skinner street. 
Holborn bridge. 

Holborn. 
Holborn bars. 

LEFT 

Chancery lane. 

RIGHT 

Temple bar. 

Pickett street. 

Wych street. 

LEFT 

Newcastle street 

Strand. 

Charing cross. 

l 2 



ON THE RIGHT HAND. 

Union St., leading to Sion 
chapel and Whitechapel ch. 



Duke St., in which isthe prin- 
cipal synagogue of the Jews. 



St. Catherine Cree church 

102, Shipowners' Towing 

Company.. 108, East India 

Military Stores.. 187, Steam 

Pack et offices. 

69, Bengal Military l-rphan 
Asylum. .70, Asylums, Foreign 
&c. 72, General Shipowners' 
Society.. 76, Hanseatic Con- 
sulate Office.. 81, Union As- 
surance Office.. 83, General 
Telegraph Office. 



30, Blue Boar. . 25, Bull Inn . . 
1 1 .Three Nuns..St.Botolph ch 



Bank of England. 



St. Mildred's church. 



92, Atlas Assurance Com- 
pany. . City of London school 
. Sadlers' Hall. 



St. Martin's le grand. . Post 
Office.. Entrance to Christ's 
Hospital and church . . In Gilt- 
spur street the Compter. 



St. Sepulchre's church .. 
Saracen's Head Hotel. 



Opening to goto Islington. 



122, Black Bull Tavern. 
123, Old Bell Tavern.. 133, 
Bell and Crown Tavern . . Fur- 
siival's Inn.. 139, Brett's Hot. 



Six Clerks' Office. . Lincoln's 
Inn.. 89, Rolls Chambers.. 
109, Incorporated Law Society 



Entrance to Clement's Inn. 



New Inn. . Olympic Theatre. 



258 



SIXTH DAY'S ROUTE 



SIXTH DAY'S ROUTE. 



ON THE LEFT HAND. 



Adelphi Terrace. . Waterloo 
bridge . . Somerset House . , 
King's College. . Temple Gar 
dens and buildings. . City Gas 
Works.. Blackfriars Bridge.. 
Queenhithe Steam Wharfs.. 
Southwark bridge .. Fish- 
mongers' Hall .. London 
bridge. 



To 



Duke street, in which are 
the Greenwich, Croydon, and 
Brighton Railway Stations. . 
St. Thomas's and Guy's Hos- 
pitals.. 75, Talbot Inn. 



97, Spur Inn. . 150, Marshal- 
sea Prison. St. George's ch. 



Trinity street, Trinity square 
and church .. Court of Re- 
quests for Southwark . . In 
Union road, Horsemonger 
lane Goal and Sessions House. 



Hungerford 

Steam Wharf, 

as Fifth Day, 

and by Steam Boat to 
London bridge. 

Landing on north 

side, proceed across 

to 

Wellington st. 

Borough High st. 
Blackman street. 



British and Foreign School 
Society, Central Establish- 
ment. 



92, London road chapel.. 
82, St. John's chapel. 



Elephant and Castle Hotel 
and General Coach Office. 



In Cross street, Drapers 
Alms Houses. 



At the end of the Walworth 
road. 



ON THE RIGHT HAND. 



New Suspension foot bridge 
building. 



Patent Shot Factories , 
Waterloo bridge. . Patent Shot 
Factory .. Blackfriars bridge 
. . Southwark bridge. . London 
bridge. 



Bridge House Hotel . . St. 
Saviour's church.. The Lady 
chapel.. Town Hall. 



In Union street, Union Hall. 



Borough road. 

St. George's 
Circus. 

London road. 
NewingtonButts 

High street 
Newington. 

LEFT 

Francis street. 
Manor Place. 



Surrey Zoological 

Gardens, 
leaving them by the 
New street Gate. 



In Great Surrey street, Sur- 
rey Theatre, Magdalen Hos- 
pital, Surrey chapel, &c. 



Streets leading to South- 
wark bridge. 



Queen's Bench Prison. 



Blind Asylum.. 15, Philan- 
thropic Society. 



Fishmongers' Almshouses. 



Church of St. Mary, New- 
iugton. 



SIXTH DAY'S ROUTE, 



259 



ON THE LKPT HANI). 



Doddington Grove, leading 
to Kennington common. 



Kennington common and 
St. Mark's church. 



Grammar School. . Licensed 
Victuallers' School.. Devon- 
shire place, leading to Ken- 
nington Oval. 



Vinegar Distillery . . Gas 
Works. 



Church of St. Mary, Lam 
heth, and Palace. 



New Catholic Chapel. 



Astley's Theatre (building). 



New street* 
Kennington road. 

LEFT 

Newington place, 

BIGHT 

Princes square. 

LEFT 

Kennington cross, 

Kennington lane. 

Bridge street. 
Vauxhall. 

Vauxhall row. 

Princes street. 
High street. 

RIGHT 

Church street. 

RIGHT 

Lambeth road. 

LEFT 

Westminster road 
Westminster 
Bridge road. 

Bridge street. 
Westminster 

bridge. 
Bridge street. 
Parliament st. 

and to 

Charing cross, 

as First Day. 



ON THE RIGHT HAND. 



St. Paul's chapel. . The late 
Vauxhall Gardens. . Vauxhall 
bridge. 



Archbishop Tennison's 
School. 



Vestry Hall. 



New Bethlem Hospital. 
Blind School. 



Asylum for Female Orphans. 



In Lambeth Marsh, Lam- 
beth New Market, Victoria 
Theatre, Lying-in hospital. 



260 



SEVENTH DAYS ROUTE. 

SEVENTH DAY'S ROUTE, 



O.V TIIK LEFT HANI). 



Pavilion Theatre (in Os 
borne street the Court of Re 
quests for Tower Hamlets) . . 
Dr ape rs' Alms Houses. 

Skinners', Trinity, and 
Vintners' Alms Houses. 



Church of St. Dunstan, 
Stepney .... Brewers' Alms 
Houses. 



Barron's Chain Cable Fac- 
tory.. Bridge over the Re- 
gent's canal. . Bridge over the 
Lea cut .. East India Dock 
road. 



Burial Ground and chapel 



Blackwall Railway (crosses,) 
and terminus . . Brunswick 
Steam Wharf and Hotel. 



King'sArmsTavern. . Plough 
Tavern. . Artichoke Tavern. 



The Thames, and on oppo- 
site side Bugsby marshes. 



From Charing cross 

by 

Omnibus to 

Whitechapel church. 

Whitechapel 
Road. 

Mile end. 

RIGHT. 

Rowland's row. 

Stepney green. 

Pass 
Stepney church. 

White Horse st. 



Commercial road. 

West India docks. 
King street. 

High street. 

LEFT 

Newby place. 

RIGHT 

East India dock 
road. 

East India docks. 

LEFT 

Robin Hood lane. 
Brunswick street. 

BLACKWALL. 

High street. 

Cross the bridge over 

West India dock 

Entrance, 



ON THE RIGHT HAND. 



Megg's Alms Houses 
Loudon Hospital. 



King John's Palace. 



Mercers' Alms Houses. 



The East India Company's 
Tram Road. . Bridge over the 
Regent's canal, and Lock, 
and Basin.. Bridge over Lea 
cut. Church of St. Ann, 
Limehouse. 



Gas Works. 



Limehouse Poor House. 



Church of All Saints, Lime- 
house. 



Basin and Dock. 



SEVENTH DAYS ROUTE. 



261 



ON TH E LEFT HAND. 

West India Dock Tavern. 



Canal 
Thames. 



entrance from the 



Road leading to Limehouse. 



Billingsgate. . Deptford Gas 
Worksand Creek. . The King's 
Dock Yards . . Boat Houses, 
Victualling Offices and Yards 
. . The Thames Ship Builders 
Company's Yard.. Entrance 
to East Country and Commer- 
cial Docks.. Tunnel. 



Lower Thames street. 



The Old Post Office, and 
church of St. Mary Woolnoth 
. . End of King William street, 
now extending to London 
bridge. 



The Mansion House. 



See Fifth Day's Route. 



St. Paul's School. 



Cross Canal bridge 

and enter 

Isle of Dogs. 

Pass through 

Toll hatch. 

Blackmail road. 

Ferry house. 



Thence by Ferry to 

Greenwich 

Hospital. 

Thence by 

Steam boat, 

which leaves Green 

wich every £ hour 

to the 

Tower stairs. 
Great Tower hill, 

LEFT 

Great Tower st, 
Little Tower st. 
Little Fast cheap. 

RIGHT. 

Gracechurch st. 



LEFT 

Lombard street. 

Mansion house st. 

Poultry. 

Cheapside. 

LEFT 

East side of 

St. Paul's church 

yard. 

and thence to 

Charing cross, 

as fifth Day. 



ON THE RIGHT HAND. 



Chapel House. 



This Ferry being private 
property, the charge is 2d. 
each person. 



The Isle of Dogs .. En- 
trances to Ship Canal, West 
India and Limehouse Docks, 
Lea cut, and Regent's canal, 
and to the London and St. 
Katharine's Docks.. St. Ka- 
therine's Wharf. 



Entrance to the Tower. 



Church of Allhallows Bark- 
ing. 



Churches of Allhallows and 
St. Edmund the King. 



Bank of England. 



St. Mildred's church. 



See Fifth Day's Route. 



St. Paul's Cathedral. 



PLACES IN THE ENVIRONS OF LONDON, WORTHY 
THE ATTENTION OF STRANGERS. 



WINDSOR CASTLE, 

The most splendid palace of our kings, 21 miles west by 
south from London, is situated on an eminence, commanding 
a charming prospect of the surrounding country. It is a 
noble structure, of great antiquity, originally built by Wil- 
liam I., and enlarged by his successors till the reign of 
Edward III., who caused the greater part to be pulled down 
and rebuilt. Subsequent monarchs considerably enlarged it, 
to the reign of Charles II., from which period it remained 
untouched to the reign of George III. Many great improve- 
ments were effected in the reign of George IV., whose latter 
years were almost exclusively spent here. The alterations 
and improvements, conducted by Sir Jeffry Wyatville, com- 
prise the greater part of the old edifice. 

The Castle is divided into two courts, called Upper and 
Lower Wards, separated from each other by the Round Tower, 
or Middle Ward. The Lower Ward is more extensive than 
the Upper, and contains the following towers : — The Win- 
chester Tower, forming the western end of the North Ter- 
race ; the Store Tower or Wardrobe Tower, nearly opposite 
the Deanery, and presenting a venerable appearance ; the 
Towers at the entrance gateway ; Salisbury Tower, Garter 
Tower, and Julius Caesar's or the Belfry Tower. The Castle 
occupies about 32 acres. Opposite Church-street is the 
entrance to the Lower Ward of the Castle. Passing under 
King Henry VIII. 's Gateway, the south front of the beautiful 
building of the Collegiate Church of St. George immediately 
presents itself to the notice of the spectator. 

On entering the interior, the admiration of the spectator is 
excited by the grandeur of its architecture, which surpasses 
many of our cathedrals. The great west window, a fine 
specimen of stained glass, contains the figures of Edward the 
Confessor, Edward IV., Henry VIII., several of the patri- 
archs, the primitive bishops, and other ecclesiastics, inter- 
spersed with heraldic bearings, among which the cross and 
insignia of the order of the garter are frequently displayed. 
The east window, in the south aisle, represents the Angel ap- 
pearing unto the Shepherds with the Annunciation of the 



WINDSOR CASTLE. 263 

Nativity, and the western one depicts the Birth of the 
Redeemer. The subject of the west window, in the north 
aisle, is the Adoration of the Magi. The designs of these 
windows were furnished by West, and were executed by Forest. 
The stone roof is an ellipsis, supported by pillars of Gothic 
architecture, whose ribs and groin sustain the ceiling with 
admirable beauty and elegance. The organ possesses an 
extremely fine tone, particularly in its swell, and was erected 
by George III. at an expense of one thousand guineas. A 
pair of beautifully carved folding doors form the entrance to 

The Choir. — This part of the chapel is appropriated to 
the performance of Divine service, and the ceremony of in- 
stalling the Knights of the Garter. The richness of the roof 
and carved work, the beautiful effect of the great painted 
window above the altar, at the west end, and the banners of 
the knights surmounting their respective stalls, combine to 
present to the eye an almost unrivalled union of sublimity and 
grandeur. The floor is paved with marble, in alternate 
diamond-shaped squares of black and white, and the com- 
munion table is approached by an ascent of four steps. The 
stalls of the knights are ranged on each side of the choir, and 
those of the Sovereign and the Princes of the blood -royal 
under the organ-gallery ; foreign potentates members of the 
order, are the next in succession, the knights ranking accord- 
ing to the date of their investiture. Over each stall, under a 
canopy of carved work, are the sword, mantle, helmet, and 
crest of each knight ; above these is the banner, on which 
are his armorial bearings, and at the back of the seat an en- 
graved brass plate records his name, style, and titles. The 
stall of the Sovereign is distinguished by a canopy and curtains 
of purple velvet, embroidered with gold fringe ; on the 
pedestals of the stalls the life of our Saviour is represented in 
uncommonly rich carved work, and on those under the organ 
gallery are the history of St. George. 

The great painted window over the altar was designed by 
West, and executed by Jarvis and Forest. The subject 
is the resurrection of our Saviour. A painting of the 
Lord's Supper, above the communion table, was executed by 
West. Adjoining the altar, on the north side of the choir, is 
a gallery, now termed the Queen's Closet, which is fitted up 
for the accommodation of her Majesty when attending Divine 
Service ; the curtains, chairs, and other appurtenances are of 
garter blue silk, and the windows are ornamented with several 
pieces of ancient stained glass ; directly underneath is the tomb 



264 WINDSOR CASTLE. 

of Edward IV., a beautiful work of art in hammered steel, by 
Quintin Matsys. On quitting the choir, at the north east 
door, you proceed to take a survey of the various monuments 
and recesses called chapels, which were erected at the expense 
or in honour of some particular family, whose name or title 
they bear. Fee, 6d. each person, or less for a party. 

The Royal Cemetery. — The vault is 70 feet long, 
28 wide, and 14 high. The places destined to receive the 
bodies are formed by octagonal Gothic columns, supporting 
four ranges of shelves, each of which, in the space included 
between the columns, has been prepared for two coffins: the 
centre row in each will admit 32. At the east end are five 
niches, which will receive as many coffins. The pillars are of 
Bath stone, and the shelves of Yorkshire stone. This ceme- 
tery has already received the remains of the Princess Amelia, 
the Duchess of Brunswick, Princess Charlotte, Queen Char- 
lotte, George III., the Duke of York, the Duke of Kent, 
George IV., William IV., and Princess Augusta. 

The public entrance to the Upper Ward is under a portcul- 
lised archway, near the entrance to the Round Tower, flanked 
by two towers with corbelled battlements, called the Norman 
Gateway. Opposite, on the left, is the part of the edifice erected 
by Queen Elizabeth and James I., beneath which a postern gate 
forms a public entrance for strangers, and leads to the North 
Terrace, where the splendid prospect for which it is so cele- 
brated at once bursts upon the view, and is justly considered 
the most beautiful walk in the world; it is 1870 feet in length, 
and is faced with a rampart of stone. The East Terrace is 
connected by a flight of steps with the garden. This beautiful 
spot is adorned with many statues both of bronze and marble; 
there are also two vases, the work of Cibber, the father of 
the poet. This garden is surrounded by a pentagon terrace, 
under part of which is an extensive orangery. 

State Apartments. — This splendid suite of rooms are 
enriched with a suitable collection of paintings, by the first 
masters, originally made by Charles II., and considerably 
augmented in the reign of George III. Entering by a door 
under a Gothic porch, adjoining to King John's tower, a stair- 
case conducts the visitor to a small open vestibule. From 
this spot is seen a splendid portrait of the late Sir Jeffry 
Wyatville, the architect, by whose unrivalled talent this 
princely residence of British monarchs has been restored to 
its present state ; surpassing in grandeur and magnificence all 
the castellated buildings in Europe. 



WINDSOR CASTLE. 265 

By the new arrangement, the rooms are shown in the fol- 
lowing order : — 

Queen's Audience Chamber. — The walls of this apart- 
ment are hung with tapestry; the subject is from Queen 
Esther. On the ceiling, painted by Verrio, Queen Catherine, 
personified as Britannia, is represented sitting in a triumphal 
car, drawn by swans, and attended by Flora, Ceres, Pomona, 
and other Goddesses ; the Temple of Virtue forms her desti- 
nation, and the painting is decorated by several ornaments 
heightened with gold. 

The Queen's Presence Chamber. — The walls are 
wainscoted with oak, and decorated with four large and 
splendid specimens of the Gobelin Tapestry ; the subject 
is from Queen Esther. The ceiling is painted by Verrio : 
Catherine, Queen of Charles II., is the principal figure, 
seated under a canopy spread by Time, and supported by 
Zephyrs, while Religion, Prudence, Fortitude, and other 
Virtues are in attendance on her ; Fame is proclaiming the 
happiness of the country, and Justice is driving away Sedition, 
Envy, and Discord. 

The Guard Chamber. — This spacious chamber is 78 
feet long, 21 feet wide at one end, 26 at the other, and 
31 feet high. The ceiling is groined, the massive mouldings 
of which rest on corbels, supported by grotesque heads, and 
richly flowered bosses over the principal intersections. The 
arms and specimens of ancient armour deposited in this 
room are very ingeniously disposed ; there are four whole- 
length figures clothed in armour, with their lances, standing 
on brackets, two on each side of the room, and two also 
at the south end. At the south end of this room, on a 
part of the foremast of the Victory, through which a 
cannon ball passed at the battle of Trafalgar, stands a 
splendid colossal bust of the immortal Nelson, by Sir F. 
Chantrey, and near this is suspended a massive chandelier of 
bronze of a beautiful Gothic design. A bust of the Duke of 
Marlborough occupies a station to the left, and on the right 
the Duke of Wellington, over which are the annual tributary 
banners from Blenheim and Strathfieldsaye. On either side 
of Nelson's bust is a beautiful piece of ordnance, taken at the 
battle of Seringapatam. The beautiful silver shield inlaid with 
gold, by Benvenuto Cellini, presented by Francis I. to Henry 
VIII., when they met on the Field of the Cloth of Gold, is 
fixed in a glass case, and revolves in a pivot over the mantel- 

2 a 



266 



WINDSOR CASTLE. 



piece. In the centre of the room is placed a table presented 
to her present Majesty, made from the wreck of the Royal 
George — likewise a glass-case containing other relics. 

St. George's Hall is 200 feet long, 34 feet broad, 
and 32 feet high. The new ceiling to this splendid Hall is 
in the Gothic style, from a design by Sir JefFry Wyatville; 
in form, it is a flat Gothic arch, and the ribs, or mould- 
ings which divide its compartments, spring from corbels on 
the walls. The entire ceiling is divided into thirteen bays, 
each of which is subdivided into twenty-four smaller ones, 
and these contain each two shields, emblazoned with the 
armorial bearings of all the Knights of the Garter, from 
the institution of the order down to the present time, an 
elapse of nearly 500 years. The south side of the room 
is entirely occupied by windows, thirteen in number; on 
the side panels, under the windows, are engraved the name 
of the knight, and the number corresponds with those at 
the bottom of the several shields on the ceiling ; and on 
the opposite side are recesses, in which are placed full-length 
portraits of the last eleven Sovereigns of England. At each 
end is a music gallery, and against that at the east end is the 
Sovereign's throne, the ascent to which is by oak steps. 
Along the sides of the room, at the height of about seven 
feet from the ground, are panels containing plain shields, on 
which the armorial bearings of those knights who may here- 
after be admitted into the order will be emblazoned ; several 
of these are already occupied. In the spaces between the 
portraits are large brass shields, with the cross of St. George 
encircled by the garter and motto. From the sides of the 
shield project small brackets supporting lamps, and above the 
shields are placed steel helmets, with crossed spears ; the hel- 
mets are of various designs, and are such as were used in the 
time of Edward III. The furniture is of oak, covered with 
scarlet cloth. The chair of state is also of oak, richly carved 
in style similar to the coronation chair at Westminster Abbey, 
embroidered with the garter and cross of St. George. The 
chimney-piece of this apartment is much admired. The 
carpet is of oak pattern, in panels, with the cross in the centre. 

The Ball Room. — The walls to this splendid room are 
hung with a fine specimen of Gobelin tapestry, in six 
compartments — the subject, the History of Jason and the 
Golden Fleece, and which, from their superior workmanship 
and freshness of colour, may at a cursory view be readily 



WINDSOR CASTLE. 26/ 

mistaken for oil paintings ; while large and splendid look- 
ing-glasses and the costly carved work occupy other por- 
tions of the room. Magnificent French doors open into 
the Throne Room, the Waterloo Gallery, and St. George's 
Hall. The ceiling is divided into five panels, the mouldings 
and centre-pieces of which are elaborately wrought in various 
devices in high relief ; this ceiling is supported by a large and 
richly ornamented cove, which forms part of the cornice, and 
this again is enriched with ornamental scroll-work of the 
most beautiful description, in parts with birds, in the centres 
with the royal arms, and over the two fire-places and the 
doors with the initials G. R. IV. At the north end of the 
room is a splendid Gothic window of plate glass, from which 
a beautiful and extensive prospect over the parks and the 
adjacent country is seen. The style of the room, excepting 
this window, which is necessarily Gothic, to correspond with 
the exterior of the building, is that of the time of Louis XIV. 
The floor is of oak, parquet, the oak being inlaid with fleur- 
de-lis in ebony. The furniture is of the most splendid de- 
scription, and in style uniform with the room, solidly gilt and 
covered with crimson damask ; upon state occasions, the floor 
is covered with a rich carpet of Axminster manufacture. From 
the ceiling, four splendid chandeliers are suspended, and are 
of the most beautiful design and workmanship, composed of 
or-molu, interspersed with cut glass, branches and pendants. 
A vase, similar to the one in the King's Drawing-room, is in 
this apartment, and two smaller ones. 

The Throne Room.- — That portion of the ceiling imme- 
diately over the throne is extremely rich in decoration ; the 
cove contains the British lion, surrounded with palm branches, 
large scrolls of foliage support trusses upholding a bold 
margin of oak leaves and acorns ; these decorations are all 
in high relief and splendidly gilt. The other part of the 
ceiling and cove are highly embellished, the centre is com- 
posed of large circles formed of the collar of the Order o 
the Garter; small medallions of St. George and the Dragon, 
richly embossed in variegated gold and silver, connect the 
large circles, the centres of which display the star of the Order 
of St. George, the rose, &c. The walls are partly of oak, 
highly polished, and relieved by carvings of fruit and flowers, 
by Grinling Gibbon. The larger panels of the walls contain 
velvet of garter blue, with the badge and star of the Order of 
the Garter, and the smaller ones looking-glass ; a raised dais 
is placed at the western end, on which the throne is placed. 



263 WINDSOR CASTLE. 

The Waterloo Chamber is 45 feet high, 98 feet long, 
and 47 feet broad, and finished in the Elizabethan style 
of architecture ; it contains 37 portraits of the sovereigns 
who reigned, the most celebrated commanders who fought, 
and the statesmen who were at the head of affairs at the 
period of the battle of Waterloo, principally painted by Sir 
Thomas Lawrence. This gallery receives light from a lan- 
tern of ground glass, and is divided into five compartments, 
by light and elegant arches, terminating in pendants of 
extreme beauty ; from the centre of the side arches are 
suspended five massive chandeliers of or-molu. Lions, 
masks, and grotesque heads holding wreaths of flowers and 
fruit, embellish all the mouldings ; at the end of the room, 
stars with the initials W. R., the rose, shamrock, and thistle, 
fill the various panels ; the whole of the ceiling and part of the 
walls are of a light stone colour, the lower part of the walls 
are wainscoted with beautiful light oak. The panelling, doors, 
chimney-pieces, and picture-frames, are adorned with carvings 
by Gibbon ; galleries, formed of oak, richly carved, project 
several feet into the room at either end. The furniture is 
entirely of oak, with seats of crimson plush. The carpet, of 
dark morone, is panelled and figured with the stars of the 
Order of the Bath. 

The Grand Vestibule is 47 feet long, 28 feet wide, and 
45 feet high, exclusive of the octagonal lantern ; clusters of 
slender columns occupy the angles of the vestibule, supporting 
a vaulting of rich fan-work, ornamented with tracery, and ter- 
minating with the royal arms, encircled with the garter, in the 
centre of the lantern ; also six suits of armour in the time of 
Elizabeth and Charles I. From the vestibule you view 

The Grand Staircase, which communicates with the hall 
beneath, and from thence under the portico to the quadrangle, 
and forms an approach worthy of so splendid an edifice. The 
ceiling and lantern are of wood, painted in imitation of stone, 
and formed into panels by massive mouldings, the interstices 
covered with boldly-carved bosses and shields ; the walls and 
staircase of Bath stone, with Portland steps. In a deeply 
recessed arch is placed a noble statue in marble of George IV., 
by Chantrey. 

The Vestibule is embellished with the star and oak 
wreath, richly gilt, the walls partly wainscoted with polished 
oak. The ceiling is ornamented with the insignia of the 
Order of the Garter, the star being entwined in a wreath of 
oak. This room contains five splendid paintings by West. 



WINDSOR CASTLE. 269 

Two fine busts, in terra cotta, of Edward III. and Queen 
Philippa, occupy the angles of this room, and a specimen of 
carving by Grinling Gibbon. 

The King's Drawing Room. — The ceiling of this room 
is in panels, the centre embellished with a star and oak 
wreath : a broad and bold margin, composed of the rose, 
shamrock, and thistle, surrounds the room. The cove dis- 
plays fourteen circles entwined with palm, laurel, and oak 
wreaths, enclosing G. R., the royal arms, stars, &c. The 
silk hangings are ornamented with the arms of England, 
which are encircled in the collar of the Order of the Garter. 
The paintings in this room are by Rubens. A large oriel 
window terminates the north end of this room, and commands 
a splendid prospect of the park and adjacent country. Four 
magnificent pier glasses ornament the sides of the room. In 
this apartment is placed a vase, composed of Prussian granite, 
which was presented by Frederick III., of Prussia, to the 
Sovereign of England ; and also a curious chair, made from 
the roof of Alloway kirk, mentioned in Burns' poem of Tarn 
O'Shanter, having that poem engraved and fixed on the chair 
out of respect to the poet, and presented to George IV. when 
he visited Scotland. At the opposite end of the room is a 
splendid cabinet of elaborate mosaic work. 

The Council Room. — The ceiling of this apartment is 
enriched with the arms of Charles II., on a circular shield 
with a garter and motto. Four small medallions, with the 
initials C. R., the crown and 1660, encompassed with oak 
branches, are placed at the quartering^ of the shield : a broad 
circular bending of wreathed palm encircles the whole. Richly 
embellished tridents springing from foliage, are placed in the 
panels at the angle of the ceiling ; in the cove are the royal 
arms fully emblazoned, and C. R. surrounded with oak 
branches. This room contains 35 paintings by the old masters. 

The King's Closet. — This small apartment is distin- 
guished by trophies emblematical of our maritime superiority — 
the anchor and trident forming conspicuous ornaments of the 
ceiling. In the centre is a small panel surrounded by a cable, 
containing the star of St. George, with oak branches ; in the 
cove are the initials W. R. surrounded with oak ; in panels 
at the sides, shields with the royal arms fully emblazoned, 
with branches of palm and laurel ; and in the angles of the 
ceiling, anchors entwined with a cable. 

Upon the crimson silk hangings are beautifully interwoven 
2 a 2 



270 WINDSOR CASTLE. 

the rose, shamrock, and thistle, entwining the initials W. R. 
This apartment contains 40 paintings by the old masters, 
among them the celebrated painting of the Two Misers. 

The Queen's Closet. — A small oblong room, the ceiling 
enriched with festoons of fruit and flowers : medallions in the 
cove contain the words " Adelaide Regina, 1833," surmounted 
with the royal crown: the whole delicately etched with gold. 
Two large glasses, with massive silvered frames, distinguish 
this apartment ; the hangiDgs are of light blue silk, upon 
which are displayed, in damask silk, the initials A. R. and 
crown. This room contains 25 paintings by the old masters. 

The Queen's Drawing Room. — The ceiling is of stucco, 
embellished with margins of oak and palm entwined ; in the 
centre, a large octagon panel surrounded with the oak, sham- 
rock, rose, and thistle. In the centre of the cove are richly 
emblazoned shields, containing the arms of England and Saxe 
Meiningen, surmounted with the royal crown. Other shields 
at the end of the room contain the initials W. R. and A. R. 
Scrolls of foliage and wreaths of flowers, all richly etched 
with gold, complete the decorations of this room. There are 
in this room six landscapes of Italian scenery, all of large 
dimensions, by Zuccarelli, and a few others. 

The Vandyck Room. — This room is of considerable 
length, but plain and unostentatious in its decorations. The 
ceiling is of stucco, formed into panels, of lozenge form, the 
border and margins composed of the shamrock ; the centres 
display the rose and thistle, round the principal margin ; 
the royal arms, the initials G. R. III., surrounded with palm 
branches, are displayed, the whole of a warm tint, and slightly 
etched with gold. This room contains upwards of thirty paint- 
ings, all portraits by Vandyck. The hangings of this room 
are composed of rich crimson silk damask, ornamented with 
the insignia of the Orders of the Garter, St. Patrick, the 
Bath, and the Thistle, interspersed with the rose, shamrock, 
and thistle. Fee, 6d. each person. 

This closes the tour of the apartments shown to the public. 
The other rooms being the private apartments of her Majesty, 
are rarely shown ; and then only by an order from the Lord 
Chamberlain. The state apartments are open on Wednesday 
and Saturday from eleven o'clock till four o'clock ; and on 
Sunday from half-past one till four o'clock. 



The Quadrangle. — The state apartments form the north 



WINDSOR CASTLE. 271 

side of the quadrangle, the Hound Tower is on the west, and the 
Queen's private apartments and those of theroyal household on 
the east and south side. On a lofty pedestal, at the base of 
the Round Tower, is an equestrian bronze statue of Charles II., 
erected by one of his servants. The principal entrance to the 
state apartments is immediately opposite the new gateway, 
and is remarkable for its beautiful square tower, the lower 
part of which is sufficiently arched to allow carriages to drive 
close to the doors ; this Tower is also entirely new. In this 
quadrangle are the Devil Tower, the ^ork and Lancaster 
Towers, Black Prince's, Clarence, Chester, and King's Towers. 

The Round Tower. — Between the two wards of the 
Castle stands the Keep or Round Tower, which is built on 
the summit of a lofty artificial mount. This stately structure 
is the residence of the Governor or Constable of the Castle. 
A flight of 100 steps, at the summit of which a piece of 
ordnance is let into the wall, commanding the whole range of 
the staircase, forms the ascent to the main body of the build- 
ing. At the top of these an arched gateway leads into the 
principal apartments of the Tower, and at the sides are 
posterns opening upon a curtain battery. 

A view of great extent, and replete with variety and beauty, 
is seen from the battlements, the winding of the Thames 
among the level country, with the succession of villages, 
mansions, and detached farm houses, the luxuriant landscape 
of the Parks and Forest, the bird's eye view of the town, and 
the far-stretched extent of prospect over the more distant 
hills and counties, combining to form a panorama almost 
unequalled for its magnificence and beauty. Fee, 4d. each, 
or less for a party. 

Whenever her Majesty is residing at Windsor, the royal 
standard is displayed from a flag-staff on the leads of the 
Tower. Its dimensions are eight yards by twelve. 

The Little or Home Park contains that large expanse 
of lawn which extends round the north and east sides of the 
Castle to the bank of the Thames, nearly four miles in cir- 
cumference, and contains upwards of 500 acres. There are 
some noble and interesting trees in this park, particularly the 
one called Heme's Oak, and mentioned in the Merry Wives 
of Windsor ; it may be seen a little on the right of the path 
leading to Datchet, near which is a neat and elegant cottage, 
called Adelaide Lodge ; a foot path leads to it from the Castle. 
From this part the Castle is seen to great advantage from 
various positions. 



272 WINDSOR CASTLE. 

The Great Park, the scenery of which is both varied 
and picturesque, contains about 1800 acres, and is stocked 
with several thousand deer. It lies on the south side of the 
town, and includes the beautiful avenue of trees, called the 
Long Walk, which is nearly three miles in length to the 
eminence, called Snow Hill. The view from the Castle to the 
end of the Long Walk is grand and imposing, and is termi- 
nated by a colossal equestrian bronze statue of George III., 
by Westmacott. Another avenue of considerable length, 
called Queen Anne's Ride, extends from Hudson's gate, at 
the bottom of Sheet-street, to the boundary of the park near 
Ascot Heath. About half-a-mile from the end of the Long 
Walk is the Royal Lodge, the grounds to which are tastefully 
laid out. At the back of it is Cumberland Lodge, possessing 
an extensive range of gardens. On the east side of Cumber- 
land Lodge is a road forming the best approach to Virginia 
Water. Descending through a valley, the road crosses an 
embankment at the head of the lake, near which the road has 
been formed across a portion of the lake by a bridge, termi- 
nating at the Fishing Temple, an elegant summer pavilion, 
having a neat garden in front with a fountain in the centre ; 
facing the lake is a gallery which was erected by George IV., 
for the purpose of taking the diversion of fishing ; the roof is 
of various colours, and ornamented with dragons and other 
grotesque figures ; the interior comprises a large spacious 
apartment and two smaller ones. On the lake are placed 
several miniature vessels, with pleasure boats ; the one used 
by George IV. resembles a splendid Moorish tent, crowned 
with the Mahometan crescent. Several bridges cross this fine 
piece of water, the largest of which is on the road to the vil. 
lage of Blacknest. On an island above, is a summer room 
fitted up after the Chinese style. Over another part of the 
lake is a bridge of one arch, on a mount beyond which stands 
a stone obelisk surmounted by an image of the sun, designed 
for a point of view from Cumberland Gate. Near the high 
road to Southampton the water of the lake forms a beautiful 
cascade, by the side of which is a cave made of fragments of 
large-sized stones brought from Bagshot Heath ; at the bottom 
of the fall the water becomes a running stream, and falls into 
the Thames at Chertsey. The banks of the lake and grounds 
are laid out in plantations, with a number of walks and drives. 
On the top of a small eminence stands the Belvidere, a trian- 
gular building in the Gothic style, having a battery of brass 
guns. There are likewise several lodges to this park ; the 



ETON. 273 

most conspicuous are the Middle or Double Gate Lodge, 
•Hardiman's Lodge, and Hudson's Lodge. 

Frogmore Lodge is divided from the Little Park by the 
London road ; the grounds comprise nearly 13 acres, and are 
tastefully laid out by a succession of lawns, flower parterres, 
and walks, interspersed with several ornamental buildings. 

The quickest way of reaching Windsor is by the Great 
Western Railway. Omnibuses from various parts of the city 
convey passengers to the station in Praed-street, Paddington. 
The trains arrive at Slough, a distance of 18 miles, generally 
in about 30 minutes. From Slough, the distance to Windsor 
is about two miles ; the fare by omnibus is sixpence. 

ETON, 
A village near the Thames, 21 miles from London, adjoining 
Windsor, famed for its royal college, founded in 1440 by 
Henry VI. The establishment consists of a provost, vice- 
provost, six fellows, a head master, under master, two assist- 
ants, seventy scholars, seven lay clerks, and ten choristers, 
besides inferior officers and servants for the domestic offices of 
the collegians. The scholars on the foundation are called 
King's Scholars, and wear black cloth gowns ; the others, 
upwards of 600 in number, whose education and maintenance 
are paid for by their friends, are styled Oppidans, and reside 
in private houses within the precincts of the college. At this 
college some of our greatest statesmen, philosophers, and 
poets have received their education. It is divided into two 
courts or quadrangles ; in the first are the chapel, the upper 
and lower schools, the apartments of the head and second 
masters, and those set apart for the scholars on the founda- 
tion ; in the centre of the principal court is a bronze statue of 
Henry VI. In the other quadrangle are the lodgings of the 
provost and fellows, the great dining hall, and the library. 
The chapel is a fine old Gothic structure, and contains some 
interesting monuments ; at the west end of the ante-chapel 
there is a fine marble statue of the founder of the college in 
his royal robes, by Bacon. The library contains a curious and 
valuable collection of books, likewise some Oriental and 
Egyptian manuscripts, with some beautiful illuminated missals 
and other literary curiosities. The college may be seen on 
application to the attendant. 

The singular custom observed here once in three years, on 
Whit-Tuesday, called the Mont em, appears to have been ob- 
served from the foundation of the college, although both its 



27^ ETON. 

design and manner of observance have been entirely changed 
since that time. It consists of a procession, formed by the 
whole school, to a small mount, called Salt Hill, near the road 
to Bath. The chief object of the ceremony at present, is to 
make a collection for the captain of the scholars, preparatory 
to his leaving the college for the University of Cambridge, 
which is effected by levying contributions from all the specta- 
tors and passers-by, as money for " salt." The spectacle 
partakes somewhat of a military array, the greater portion of 
the boys being habited in uniforms, and the senior boys wear- 
ing the costumes of a marshal, captain, lieutenant, and 
ensign, the latter of whom bears the college flag, inscribed 
with the motto, " Pro More et Monte," which is waved with 
great form on the top of the mount at Salt Hill. The two 
principal collectors are called Salt-bearers, and are aided in 
their duties by several of the upper boys, who are called 
Servitors ; their costumes, being chosen according to the taste 
of the wearers, are rich, fanciful, and varied, it being by no 
means unusual to see dresses of all ages and countries grouped 
together, presenting a very brilliant and lively spectacle. The 
Montem is attended not only by numbers of the neighbouring 
gentry and nobility, and the friends of the boys, but has been 
for several years honoured with the presence of the Sovereign 
and other branches of the royal family. The collection has 
amounted to the sum of £1300, but generally amounts to 
about ,£1000. The origin of this custom, notwithstanding 
much research, has not been clearly ascertained ; but it has 
been supposed to derive its title from a monkish procession 
having annually taken place to this mount, at which time 
consecrated salt was sold to the spectators. 

ASCOT HEATH, 
About twenty-six miles from London and six miles from 
Windsor, is celebrated for its race -ground, which is allowed to 
be one of the finest in England. The races are held here 
annually for three or four days in the second week in Whitsun- 
tide, and have long been noted for the patronage they have 
received by the royal family, who generally attend them. A 
grand stand was built for the accommodation of George IV. 
and his suite ; and her present Majesty has caused another 
large and elegant apartment, with suitable offices, to be built 
for the convenience of her suite ; and more recently a large 
and splendid stand has been erected, by subscription, from 
all parts of which the whole of the course can be viewed. 



HAMPTON COURT. 2/5 



HAMPTON COURT 

Is a royal Palace, thirteen miles from London, on the 
north bank of the river Thames, erected by Cardinal 
Wolsey, and presented by him to his royal master, 
Henry VIII. It became the residence of the various royal 
families to the reign of George III. The building consists 
of three principal quadrangles ; the western court is 167 feet 
by 162 feet, and is divided into several suites of apartments, 
occupied by private families ; the middle quadrangle is 134 
feet by 134 feet, and is called the Clock Court, from a curious 
astronomical clock being placed over the gateway ; the third 
quadrangle, or Fountain Court, erected for William III. by 
Sir C.Wren, is 110 feet by 117 feet; on each side of the 
court is a beautiful colonade of the Ionic order, with dupli- 
cate columns ; on the north side, over the windows, are the 
twelve labours of Hercules, by Laguerre ; and in the area is 
a jet-d'eau; on the north side is the Queen's staircase, and 
on the west is a passage leading to the public entrance to 

The Grand Staircase, painted by Verrio, ascending 
which he enters the guard chamber, which contains arms for 
one thousand men, disposed in various fanciful forms ; the 
panels round the rooms contain eight paintings on military 
subjects. The King's first presence chamber— the second pre- 
sence chamber — the audience chamber — the King's drawing 
room — these rooms contain numerous fine paintings, among 
Which are full length portraits of the female beauties of the 
court of William and Mary, by Kneller ; our Saviour in the 
rich man's house — Christ healing the sick — the woman taken 
In adultery — the woman of faith — the woman of Samaria*— by 
S. Ricci ; George III. reviewing the 10th Light Dragoons — 
William III.'s bed room, in which is now placed the state bed 
of Queen Charlotte ; the furniture is a most beautiful specimen 
of embroidery, executed at an institution for the orphan 
daughters of clergymen, which was under the patronage of 
her Majesty ; round the room are the celebrated portraits of 
Charles II. 's court. The King's dressing room — the King's 
writing closet — Queen Mary's closet — her Majesty's gallery — 
all these rooms have paintings of various interest. The 
Queen's bed room, where is now placed the state bed of Queen 
Anne, the rich velvet furniture and hangings of which were 
wrought at Spitalfields — the chairs and stools are covered to 
correspond. The Queen' s drawing room — the Queen' s audience 
chamber — the public dining room / this room is hung with 



276 HAMPTON COURT. 

Arras tapestry, the subject, the history of Abraham. In this 
room is a model of a palace, the residence of his Highness 
the Nabob Nazin at Moorshedabad, in Bengal. The 
Prince of Wales' 1 s presence chamber — the Prince of Wales 1 8 
drawing room — the Queen's private chapel — the closet near 
the chapel — the private dining room ; the Queen's private 
chamber contains a model of a palace intended by George III. 
for Richmond gardens, but never executed. The King's pri- 
vate dressing room — George II.' s private chamber; in the 
next closet is a model of a palace intended by George II. for 
Hyde Park. 

The Cartoon Gallery contains the cartoons of Raphael ; 
these drawings were designed to serve as patterns for tapestry; 
they were painted about the year 1520, and the tapestry was 
executed at the famous manufactory at Arras, in Flanders ; 
the subjects are — the death of Ananias — Elymas, the sorcerer 
— the lame man restored by Peter and John — the miraculous 
draught of fishes — Paul and Barnabas at Lystra — Paul preach- 
ing at Athens — Christ's charge to Peter. 

The ante-room — the portrait gallery — the Queen's stair- 
case — the Queen's guard chamber — the ante-room to the 
Queen's presence chamber ; these rooms contain paintings on 
various subjects of more or less interest. From this room 
the visitor will return to the Queen's staircase, and descend into 
the middle or clock court on the right ; in the archway between 
the first and second court, a flight of stone steps leads up to 

Wolsey's Hall, a splendid gothic room, the roof of which 
is very elaborately carved, and richly decorated with the arms 
and badges of Henry VIII. The walls are hung with a fine 
specimen of Arras tapestry in eight compartments ; the subject 
the history of Abraham. At the west end of the hall, over 
the gallery, is a group of armour, halberds, pikes, and ban- 
ners ; at the east end, on a carved stone bracket, stands a 
figure of our patron saint in armour, vanquishing the dragon, 
ornamented with a scroll of swords and ramrods ; on each 
side is a whole length figure in armour of the time of Eliza- 
beth and Charles I. At the upper end of the south side is a 
large oriel window, the compartments of which are of stained 
glass, containing the arms and initials of Henvy VIII. and 
his Queen. The next apartment is called 

Wolsey's Withdrawing Room. — The ceiling is de- 
corated with pendant ornaments, between which are cog- 
nizances of the fleur-de lis, the rose, portcullis, and other 
badges. The fine oriel window has lately been enriched by 



RICHMOND. 277 

ten compartments of stained glass ; the walls of this room 
are covered with tapestry, in seven compartments, which are 
much injured by time; above the tapestry are seven car- 
toons, by Carlo Cignani ; in the centre of the carved oak 
mantel-piece is a portrait of Cardinal Wolsey. 

After viewing Cardinal Wolsey'' s hall, the extensive plea- 
sure grounds will be found highly deserving of notice. At 
the south end of the east front is a door which opens into 
the private garden, where may be seen the celebrated vine, 
the largest in Europe, if not in the world, being one hundred 
and ten feet long, and the principal stem nearly thirty inches 
in circumference ; in fruitful seasons it bears nearly three 
thousand bunches of grapes, which are kept exclusively for 
the Queen's table. On approaching the vine two large green- 
houses are passed, which contain orange trees and other plants ; 
at the opposite end of the palace is a large space of ground, 
called the Wilderness, planted and laid out by William III. 
In this place is a labyrinth or maze of extraordinary intricacy ; 
its walks are said to amount to half-a-mile, though the whole 
extent covered is not more than a quarter of an acre, and 
forms a pleasing puzzle, in which many a fair Ariadne has 
twined herself in search of a Theseus. 

The state apartments are open to the public, gratis, ~every 
day of the week except Friday, when they are closed for the 
purpose of being cleaned. The hours are from ten o'clock in 
the morning until six o'clock in the evening, from the 1st of 
April till the 1 st of October, and the remainder of the year 
from ten to four o'clock. On Sundays after two o'clock. 

The best way of proceeding to Hampton Court is by the 
Southampton Railway, from Nine Elms, (at which the Chelsea 
steam boats call, fare 4d.) ; the trains stop at Esher, a distance 
of two miles, where omnibuses are in waiting, fare 6d. 
Coaches, also, run from St. Paul's Churchyard and Piccadilly. 

RICHMOND, 

A village on the south bank of the Thames, nine miles from 
London, is a place of great resort on account of its beautiful 
situation. The view from the summit of the hill presents a 
most luxuriant prospect, not surpassed by any other part of 
the kingdom. An elegant stone bridge crosses the river at 
this place ; and a park of great beauty and extent, (which 
was formerly a favourite residence of several of our monarchs,) 
offers delightful walks to the visitor. Steam-boats during the 

2 B 



278 



WOOLWICH, 



summer months leave London Bridge and Hungerford Wharf 
every morning ; and coaches run every hour from St. Paul's 
churchyard and Piccadilly. 

K E W, 
A village in Surrey, seven miles west-south-west from 
London, is rendered remarkable by its royal residence. The 
house possesses few attractions, but the gardens are of great 
value. They have been decorated by Sir William Chambers, 
with a variety of edifices in the Chinese style ; but their pro- 
minent feature is the valuable collection of exotics, commenced 
in 1760, and fondly continued by George III., assisted by the 
valuable services of Sir Joseph Banks. The new house, built 
expressly for the exclusive reception of African plants, is 110 
feet in length. A superb pagoda decorates the centre of the 
wilderness, built in imitation of the Chinese Taa. The other 
conspicuous objects are various temples, theatres, mosques, 
and ruins, all built from designs of antique edifices, and in 
commemoration of certain events. The pleasure-grounds are 
open on Thursdays and Sundays, from Midsummer to Michael- 
mas, from nine till dusk. The Botanic Gardens are open 
daily from one to six, when any well-dressed person will be 
freely admitted. The interior of the palace may be seen at 
any time, on a polite request to any one in attendance. Omni- 
buses every half hour from St. Paul's churchyard, fare 1*. 

WOOLWICH, 
Situated on the south side of the Thames, about nine miles 
from London, will be visited by strangers on account of its 
many objects of attraction, which are of a nature peculiar to 
this kingdom. On reaching Woolwich, the first place to visit 
should be 

The Royal Arsenal,* situated at the end of Beresford- 
square. At the entrance gates are two spacious lodges, the 
right for the gatekeepers to the establishment, and the left for 
the bombardier of the Royal Artillery, to whom visitors apply 
for admission to view the Arsenal. After entering in a book 
the name and address of the parties, he accompanies them to 
the captain of the guard, who gives orders to hand the visitors 
a card, on which is a plan of the Arsenal and the situations of 

* Orders were given directly after the fire at D evonport dockyard 
not to admit any persons into the interior of the buildings, but they 
are allowed to walk over the grounds. Permission to view the interior 
of the building must be obtained by application to the commandant of 
the Arsenal. 



WOOLWICH. 270 

thevariousbuildings,with guide lines and directions pointing out 
the best method to view the various departments ; this card must 
be returned on leaving the Arsenal at the gate first entered. 
Opposite the entrance gates is a splendid piece of ordnance 
taken from the French. The first place seen is the Foundry for 
casting brass guns and howitzers, which was erected by Sir John 
Vanburgh in 1719 ; it contains three furnaces, with extensive 
means for making moulds and weighing the materials used in 
forming the ordnance ; the largest furnace will melt about seven- 
teen tons of metal at one time. At the back of the foundry is a 
building for boring cannon ; this operation is also performed 
in another building on the right, the entrance to which is 
through a gateway on the West Parade ; here is a workshop 
where the brass guns are bored, and, after being proved and 
found perfect, are polished inside, and turned and polished on 
the outside in the most beautiful manner ; in another shop is a 
machine for boring or enlarging the calibre of iron ordnance. 
On leaving this place, the visitor turns to the right and passes 
through an avenue of trees to the Laboratory on the left ; in 
this department every kind of ammunition is prepared for use; 
in one of the buildings is a machine, invented by Napier, for 
making balls by compression ; in the centre is a building con- 
taining two large model rooms — that on the left is used for 
specimens of wood, charcoal, sulphur, &c, for making gun- 
powder ; grinding mills, sifting machines, and all necessary 
implements for the manufacture of gunpowder are also shown. 
Moulds for casting balls and bullets of various sizes, chain, 
grape, and canister shot, and shells from one pound to two 
hundred and thirty pounds are placed on tables and on the 
floor of the room ; also specimens of every description of 
rocket and port fires and cartridges used in the service. In 
the space opposite to the building are representations of fire- 
works which have been used on grand occasions ; in the room 
on the right are a number of the transparencies, with a model 
of the Temple of Concord, exhibited in St. James's Park during 
the illuminations and rejoicing in commemoration of the cen- 
tenary of the Brunswick family. This room likewise contains 
many curiosities used in naval and military warfare. On 
leaving the Laboratory, and keeping to the left in the direc- 
tion of the river, will be seen the immense quantity of ord- 
nance, shells, and shot, on the ground, intended for ships and 
batteries ; ranged in regular order behindare many thousand 
guns and several millions of shot and shells, of all sizes, 
formed into pyramids. 



280 WOOLWICH. 

On the left, is a large range of buildings containing a variety 
of military stores and accoutrements for nearly 1 0,000 cavalry, 
ready for use at a moment's notice ; to the eastward of these 
buildings is another department, where metal fusees are made 
and fitted to shells. A great portion of the heavy work of 
proving shells is performed by convicts. 

At the north east end of the Royal Arsenal is the butt 
formed for the purpose of being fired into when pieces of 
ordnance are proved. 

Further to the north east is a small canal connected with a 
number of buildings containing magazines for powder, which 
forms a boundary to the Arsenal in this direction. 

On returning, visitors proceed by the road through the field 
of ordnance ; on the left is a steam sawmill for sawing trees and 
rough timber into any size required. In one of the wings of this 
building is a steam planing machine which revolves with the 
rapidity of lightning, and forms, in a short space of time, the 
most shapeless logs into useful articles. On the left, towards 
the entrance gate, is a handsome range of buildings, in which 
the commandant and officers of the establishment reside. The 
public are admitted free from nine to eleven o'clock in the 
morning, and from one to four o'clock in the afternoon. 
The stranger, after seeing the Arsenal, crosses Beresford- 
square, from thence to the new road, and on the right are 

The Sappers' Barracks, which afford ample room for 
upwards of 300 men. This duty consists in constructing field 
fortifications and superintending the erection of buildings for 
the reception of troops ; a library and museum are attached, 
containing models and specimens of wood. Strangers may 
visit the same on application. A short distance beyond, in 
the new road, is a large depot for field artillery always ready 
for service, with all kinds of muskets and ammunition for the 
supply of recruits ; and further on are 

The Ordnance Hospital, which is a spacious building, 
and finely situated with a splendid view of the surrounding 
country ; it can accommodate upwards of 700 invalids with 
offices for the attendants and dispensing of medicines. On 
top of the hill are 

The Royal Artillery Barracks. This extensive 
range of buildings is nearly 450 yards long, and contains a 
chapel and guard-rooms, officers' library, reading-room, and 
residences for the officers, &c. In front of the grand entrance 
to the barracks, on the Parade, are placed five pieces of ord- 
nance mounted on handsome bronze carriages ; the centre 



WOOLWICH. 281 

gun was taken at the siege of Bhurtpore, in India, and is a 
magnificent piece of workmanship. During the summer 
months, of an evening, the band of the Royal Artillery per- 
form various pieces of music. 

To the west of the building is a park of guns on which the 
recruits are exercised ; these guns and appendages are kept in 
such order that they are always ready for immediate use. On 
the south side is the howitzer and mortar battery, where prac- 
tice is generally carried on every week during summer ; the 
object aimed at is a flag staff at a distance of 850 yards, and 
the proficiency of the men and cadets is such that they often 
cut the flag-stafF in two. Near this place is a building used for 
astronomical purposes, and as a lecture-room, where interesting 
subjects are explained by officers of the Royal Artillery. 

Proceeding by a road on the left at the end of the Barracks, 
we reach the grounds of the 

Royal Military Repository. Visitors enter the gate 
and proceed to a range of buildings, where the bombardier on 
duty will write their name and address in a book. They then 
generally first proceed to the Rotunda, which was presented 
by the Prince Regent after having been used in the garden of 
Carlton Palace at the visit of the Allied Sovereigns in 1814. 
This building has a singular and pleasing appearance, and is 
upwards of 40 yards in diameter. Near the entrance, on a 
pedestal, is placed a few relics of the fire at the Tower, and 
on the tables placed in the Rotunda will be observed, amongst 
many others, models of Deptford dock- yard ; Woolwich dock- 
yard ; Fort William, in Bengal ; Brimstone Hill and citadel ; 
Sheerness dock-yard ; town of Quebec ; a machine showing the 
method of printing and numbering notes in the Bank of England ; 
in a glass case, close by, is a cinder, the residue of 56,160,000 
Bank of England one pound notes ordered to be destroyed by 
the Bank ; Chatham dockyard, Portsmouth dockyard, St. 
James's Park, Carlton House garden, Horse Guards and 
bridge over the ornamental water, and the Rotunda ; Royal 
George sunk at Spithead ; fire-ship ready for being sent 
among the enemy's vessels ; the rock of Gibraltar and a 
great variety of models of bombs, guns, howitzers, Congreve 
rockets, scaling ladders, and various implements used in modern 
warfare. Near the door, on going out, the visitor are shown 
some curious relics of ancient British artillery and ammunition 
About the grounds will be observed a number of old guns lying 
about, some of them possessing considerable interest from the 

2b2 



282 woolwich. 

events connected with them. After leaving the Royal Military 
Repository, on the upper part of the common, is the Royal 
Military Academy, a handsome and commodious structure, the 
interior arrangements of which are excellent, affording accom- 
modation to nearly 150 sons of officers in the army, who are 
instructed in the use of the musket and sword exercise, and 
twelve handsome three -pounders brass guns are placed in 
front of the building, on which they acquire a thorough know- 
ledge of their use on the field of battle. They are admitted 
at the age of fifteen to seventeen years, and are designated 
Gentlemen Cadets. Returning from the common, in a straight 
line, are the Royal Marine Barracks, which have been erected 
in a pleasant situation , and command extensive views of the 
town of Woolwich, the River Thames, and the surrounding 
country. The Royal Marines are stationed here ; their duty 
principally is to mount guard on the convicts in the dock- 
yard ; their band marches with the men every morning to 
relieve guard, and likewise plays favourite airs every evening 
during the summer on the Parade fronting the barracks ; at 
the end of the road is the entrance to 

The Royal Dockyard, said to be the oldest in Eng- 
land, having been used as such in the year 1512. Visitors, 
on entering the gate, pass into the Dockyard police office, 
where they insert their names and address ; a card is then 
given to view the establishment. The residence on the right 
is for the director of the police. The blacksmith's shop will 
be found to deserve the attention of the stranger, as it con- 
tains some ponderous hammers, which are moved by steam 
power, for making anchors and bolts of the largest size in use 
in the navy ; likewise several furnaces and forges supplied 
with wind from powerful fanners in lieu of bellows ; generally 
about 150 men are employed in this department. To the east 
of the above are several dwelling houses, and at the end the 
store boat-house ; directly opposite, on the river, is the warrior 
Hulk, to which the convicts, amounting to between 500 and 
600, are conveyed for the night, after being employed during 
the day in the Dockyard. A new dock has lately been 
formed, of the largest dimensions, adequate for the reception 
of the largest ships in the royal navy; a considerable space 
is likewise here used for the reception of several hundred 
anchors, some of which are of the largest size, weighing 
45 cwt. In the centre of the yard, fronting the entrance, are 
the offices for the principals of the establishment ; behind are 



GREENWICH. 283 

sheds in which all anchors, chains, and cables, are proved by 
the most powerful hydraulic engines ; on the wharf are steps 
for the convenience of landing, and where distinguished per- 
sons land or embark on their visit to this country. The 
largest ships and steam vessels in the British navy have been 
built here ; several large vessels are now building, which are 
well worth inspection. An additional basin has lately been 
added to the establishment, and a manufactory for the making, 
fitting, and repairing of the various engines belonging to the 
steam ships of the royal navy. A new dock has been added, 
the largest in the kingdom, and is to be used for building the 
largest description of war steam vessels. The last building 
approached before the gate, is the Guard Room, used by the 
officers and men of the regiment on duty here. 

The public are admitted free to the Royal Arsenal, Royal 
dockyard, and Royal Military Repository, every day from 
nine to eleven o'clock, and from one to four o'clock. 
Foreigners must obtain an order from the Admiralty to view 
the dockyard, and from the Ordnance Office to view the 
Arsenal and Repository. 

Conveyances from Gracechurch street and Charing cross by 
omnibuses, by steam boat from Hungerford wharf and London 
bridge, and by Blackwall railway, Fenchurch street. 

GREENWICH, 

A town in Kent, five miles from London, is celebrated all 
over the world as the meridian whence all English astronomers 
make their calculations. The Royal Observatory, supplied with 
instruments considered the best in Europe, was built by order 
of Charles II. On one of the cupolas is a ball, which is 
elevated daily to the top of a pole, down which it slides pre- 
cisely at one o'clock, to enable masters of vessels in the river 
to regulate their chronometers. The park is remarkable for 
the beauty of its scenery, and the prospects commanded from 
its hills of London and the adjacent country ; it is a favourite 
resort of the lovers of fun and frolic, during the first three 
days of the Easter and Whitsun weeks, and is at all times 
much frequented by parties, who come here provided with 
supplies for the day, which they enjoy in the open air under 
the spreading boughs of the beautiful trees. 

The Hospital is allowed by all to be one of the most beau- 
tiful modern buildings in Europe, devoted to charitable pur- 
poses. It is seen to great advantage from the river as you 
arrive in front of it, being elevated on a terrace, 865 feet in 



284 GREENWICH. 

length, and consists of five distinct piles of buildings, distin- 
guished by the names of King Charles's, Queen Anne's, King 
William's, Queen Mary's, and the Asylum, or Royal Hospital 
Schools. The interval between the two northern buildings, 
viz., King Charles's and Queen Anne's, forms the grand 
square, which is 273 feet wide. In the centre of the grand 
square is placed a statue of George II., by Rysbrach. King 
Charles's building is on the west side of the great square. On 
the other side of the square, towards the east, is Queen 
Anne's building, having its north, west, and south fronts 
nearly similar to King Charles's. King William's building 
contains the great hall, vestibule, and dome, designed and 
erected by Sir Christopher Wren. " The tambour of the dome 
is formed by a circle of columns duplicated, of the Composite 
order, with four projecting groups of columns at the quoins. 
The attic above is a circle without breaks, covered with the 
dome, and terminated with a turret. In the tympanum of 
the pediment, on the eastern side of King William's square, 
is an emblematical representation of the death of Lord 
Nelson, in alto-relievo, designed by West. On the east 
stands Queen Mary's building, containing the chapel, with a 
vestibule ; and having a dome corresponding with that on 
King William's. The colonnades adjoining these buildings 
are 115 feet asunder, and are composed of upwards of 300 
duplicated Doric columns, and pilasters of Portland stone, 
20 feet high, with an entablature and balustrade. Each of 
them is 347 feet long, having a return pavilion at the end, 
70 feet long. In different parts of the institution, apartments 
are provided for the Governor and principal officers, and a 
sufficient number of wards are fitted for the comfortable 
accommodation of 2,710 pensioners, and 105 nurses, being 
the numbers at present established in the Hospital, the vacan- 
cies in which are filled up twice in every month. The Pen- 
sioners' Dining Halls are under the Painted Hall and Chapel; 
and in King Charles's building there is an excellent library 
for their sole use, in which is placed a bust of Dibdin, the 
author of the celebrated Naval Ballads. King Charles's Ward, 
over the Library, is open during the day, to the inspection of 
the public. The fifth pile of buildings is the Royal Hos- 
pital Schools, lying to the southward of the great road 
leading to Woolwich, and extending to the Park wall. It is 
about 110 feet square, has a handsome loggia of the Ionic 
order to the front next the Park, and the Entrance Hall, 
39 feet square, is of good design, two stories high, and has a 



GREENWICH. 285 

gallery round it, two wings, 315 feet long, with handsome 
facades of the Doric order, and connected with the centre 
building by colonnades 180 feet in length, having two rows of 
Portland stone columns of the Tuscan order. The wings 
contain the School-rooms, Dormitories, Refectory, and Chapel. 
There are also suitable apartments for the superintending offi- 
cers, masters, &c. of the schools ; and convenient play- 
grounds for the boys, one of which is properly fitted for 
instructing them in the gymnastic exercises. The Upper 
School consists of 400 boys, the sons of officers and seamen 
in the royal navy and of marines, and the sons of officers and 
seamen in the merchant sea service, who receive an excellent 
practical education in navigation and nautical astronomy. 400 
boys, the sons of seamen in the royal navy, or of non-commis- 
sioned officers and privates of the royal marines, are also 
received into the Lower School, and instructed in reading, 
writing, and arithmetic; and have oth^r occasional useful 
instruction. 

Painted Hall. — The painting of which is executed in 
a masterly manner, by Sir James Thornhill, in 1703. In the 
cupola of the vestibule is represented a compass with its 
proper points duly bearing ; and in the covings, in chairo- 
oscuro, the four winds, with their different attributes. At the 
base of the windows, around the interior of the cupola, are 
suspended the ancient colours of the several battalions of 
royal marines, placed therein 1827, by order of William IV., 
then Lord High Admiral, on George IV. presenting new 
colours to that distinguished corps. Also several flags taken 
during the last war. Within the vestibule are placed casts 
from the public monuments of Nelson, Howe, Duncan, and 
St. Vincent. From the vestibule a large flight of steps leads 
into the Saloon, or Grand Hall, which is 160 feet long, 56 
wide, and 50 feet high, ornamented with a range of Corinthian 
pilasters, standing on a basement, and supporting a rich 
entablature above. From each side of the Saloon, between 
the pilasters, are suspended portraits of celebrated naval 
characters, and paintings commemorative of distinguished 
naval actions, the name, as well as the name of the donor, 
being attached to each. Another flight of steps lead into the 
Upper Hall, the ceilings and sides of which are adorned 
-with different paintings ; in the centre is placed a design for 
a monument to Lord Nelson. The coat worn by Nelson in 
the battle of the Nile, on the 1st of August, 1798, is depo- 
sited in a glass case in this Upper Hall ; and there are 



286 GREENWICH. 

also several models of ships, presented to the Hospital by 
William IV. Open, every day, from nine o'clock in the 
morning till dusk ; admittance threepence each person. An 
appointed attendant always in waitiDg to conduct visitors to 
the other parts of the building, who receives a trifling com- 
pliment. 

The Chapel. — Immediately before the entrance is an 
octangular vestibule, in which are four statues of Faith, 
Hope, Charity, and Meekness, from designs by West. From 
this vestibule a flight of steps leads to the Chapel ; which is 
111 feet long, and 52 broad, and capable of accommodating 
about 1,400 persons. The portal consists of an architrave, 
frieze, and cornice of statuary marble, the jambs of which 
are 12 feet high, in one piece, and enriched with excellent 
sculpture. The frieze is the work of Bacon, and consists of 
the figures of two angels, with festoons, supporting the sacred 
writings. The great folding-doors are of mahogany, highly 
enriched ; and the whole composition of this portal is not 
surpassed in this or any other country. Within the entrance 
is a portico of six fluted marble columns, 15 feet high. The 
capitals and bases are Ionic, after Greek models. These 
columns support the organ-gallery, and are crowned with an 
entablature and balustrade. The communion-table is a slab 
of statuary marble, eight feet long, supported by six cheru- 
bim, standing on a marble step of the same dimensions. The 
ascent is by three steps of black marble, on which is fixed an 
ornamental railing, representing festoons of ears of corn and 
vine foliage. Above is a beautiful painting by West, in a 
superb carved gilt frame, representing the Preservation of St* 
Paul from Shipwreck on the Island of Melita. 

The whole number of persons resident in the Institution 
amount to about 4000. When we consider the beauty, solidity, 
and magnificence of this superb structure, and the excellent 
uses to which it is appropriated, it must ever be contemplated 
with reverence and admiration, as a work of national grandeur, 
and a noble monument of wisdom and benevolence. ^ 

There are several ways of proceeding to Greenwich, viz. : 
The Greenwich Railway, Duke street, London bridge, fares 6d. 
and 9d. each, the Blackwall Railway, Fenchurch street, 
fares Ad. and 6d. each, crossing the river to Greenwich, 4d. ; 
by steam boat from London bridge and Hungerford market, 
fares 6d, and 9d. ; or by omnibus, fares Is. 



CHELSEA. 287 

CRAVESEND, 
In Kent, twenty-two miles from London, is the first port in 
the Thames. Affording an agreeable trip by the steam-boat, 
in two or three hours, it is much resorted to in the summer. 
It enjoys a healthy and pleasant site, has good accommodation 
for bathing, and from the heights above the town, especially 
that called Windmill hill, the view of the windings of the 
river is so extended as to present at one view as many as 1000 
vessels, bearing up or down, or lying at anchor. As many as 
7000 persons frequently resort thither on a Sunday ; to ac- 
commodate whom, new and handsome piers have been built, 
one of which opens to a pleasant terrace on the banks of the 
river. The steam-boats leave Hungerford Wharf, London 
bridge, and Brunswick Wharf, Blackwall, several times a day, 
and the fares are very moderate. 

CHELSEA, 

A village on the north side of the Thames, two miles 
from London, has been the residence of many noted charac- 
ters ; among whom are the celebrated Sir Hans Sloane, the 
founder of the British Museum, and the great Sir Thomas 
More. The former gentleman bequeathed his botanical garden, 
in this parish, to the company of Apothecaries, who have 
erected a marble statue, by Rysbrach, of their benefactor in 
the centre. In this garden are two large cedars of Libanus, 
which were planted in 1685. Tickets may be had on applica- 
tion at Apothecaries , Hall. 

The old church contains many curious monuments. The 
Hospital or College, founded by Charles II., was built by Sir 
C. Wren, and cost i?150, 000, is intended to form an asylum 
to sick and superannuated soldiers. It is a handsome brick 
structure, 790 feet in length ; and, together with the ground 
belonging to it, occupies a space of forty acres. The principal 
edifice forms three sides of a quadrangle, in the centre of 
which is a bronze statue of the founder, by Grinling Gibbon. 
The state room in the governor's house is adorned with many 
royal portraits. The chapel is 110 feet in length and 30 feet 
in width, paved with black and white marble, and wainscoted 
with Dutch oak. The altar piece represents the resurrection 
of our Saviour, and was painted by Sebastian Ricci. Standards 
taken from the Americans, Algerines, French, Genoese, and 
Indians, during the wars, decorate the sides of the chapel. 
The hall is 110 feet in length and 30 feet wide ; at the 
entrance is a gallery supported by ornamental cantalivers, on 



288 

the centre of the gallery a large ornamented guideron shield, 
with the royal arms of Charles II. most exquisitely carved ; 
opposite the gallery is a noble painting of Charles II. on 
horseback in costume armour, on one side various figures of 
treason and anarchy which his fate had overcome. In addi- 
tion to this noble institution is another no less creditable to 
the feeling of our rulers — 

The Royal Military Asylum for the Children 
of Soldiers of the Regular Army of Great Bri- 
tain, where about 850 boys are maintained and instructed 
according to the system of Dr. Bell. The building was erected 
in 1801, by Mr. Copland, the first stone of which was laid by 
the late Duke of York ; it is environed with high walls, and 
a handsome iron railing opens towards the grand front ; the 
ground is laid out in grass plots and gravel-walks, and planted 
with trees ; the edifice forms three sides of a quadrangle, is 
built of brick, with an elegant stonebalustrade ; the centre of the 
western front is ornamented with a noble portico of the Doric 
order, consisting of four columns, which support a large and 
well-proportioned pediment. The establishment is conducted 
according to a strict system of military discipline ; on the top 
of the building is a telegraph communicating with the Admi- 
ralty. Friday is the best day for seeing the children parade, 
with their military band. Open from ten till four. The boys 
dine at one o'clock. 

EPSOM, 

A town in Surrey, fifteen miles from London, is celebrated 
for the races held here every May and October, which are 
always very numerously hd fashionably attended. 

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS. 

This Society was incorporated by royal charter, 1809; its 
object being the improvement of horticulture in all its branches, 
ornamental as well as useful ; the Society has an extensive 
garden at Chiswick, open from nine o'clock to six o'clock 
every day except Sunday, for the inspection of fellows of the 
Society, and visitors introduced by the fellows ; three exhi- 
bitions are annually held at the Garden, at which medals are 
awarded to the best exhibitors ; on these occasions fellows are 
entitled to purchase tickets for the admission of their friends. 
The public can only purchase these tickets by being known to 
any fellow of the Society. Office, 21, Regent-street. 



INDEX. 



Academy, royal, of arts, 126 

of music, royal, 113 

Achilles, statue of, 37 
Adelaide gallery, 118 
Adelphi theatre, 108 
Admiralty office, 28 
Albany, the, 159 

Albert gate, Knightsbridge, 38 
Alien office, Custom house, 47 
Almacks, 113 
Alms houses, list of, 205 
Amusements in London, 101 
Ancient concerts, 113 
Anglesea house, 169 
Antiquaries, society of, 31 
Antiquities, 137 
Apollonicon, the, 112 
Apsley house, 165 
Arthur's club house, 164 
Ascot heath, and Races, 274 
Aske's hospital, 205 
Astley's amphitheatre, 109 
Athenaeum club, 161 
Auctions, mock, 211 

Balls and concerts, 113 
Bank of England, the, 41 
Bank notes and drafts, 54 
Banks for Savings, 223 
Bartholomew fair, 220 

's hospital, 195 

Baths, list of, 210 
Bazaar, Soho, 135 

Western exchange, 135 

Bazaar, King street, 135 
Belgrave square, 158 
Bethlem hospital, 198 
Billingsgate market, 218 
Birmingham railway, 246 
Blackfriars bridge, 238 
Blackwall railway, 246 

Blind school, indigent, 190 
Bloomsbury square, 158 
Blue coat school, the, 1 82 
Board of Control, 30 
Board of Trade, 30 



Boarding houses, 208 
Borough market, 219 
Bread, meat, and poultry, 214 
Bridewell hospital, 229 
Bride's, St., pump, 221 
British artists' society, 1 27 

institution, the, 127 

lying-in-hospital, 203 

British museum, the, 115 
admittance to, 117 

Brighton railway, 246 
Buckingham palace, 13 

street, 149 

Bude light, 20-34 
Burlington arcade, the, 134 

house, 167 

Butter and cheese, 213 

Cabriolets, 241 -, fares, 242 
Cautions to strangers, 211 
Cemeteries, general, 99 

Abney park, 101 

City of London, 1-01 

Highgate, 101 

Kensall green, 99 

Norwood, 101 

West of London, 101 

— Nun head, 101 

Central criminal court, 225 
Chamberlain's office, 50 
Chapter house, the, 88 
Charing cross, 154 

hospital, 201 

Charitable societies, list of, 178 
Charter house, the, 187 
Chelsea, 287 ; hospital, 2S7 
Chesterfield house, 169 
Christ's hospital, 182 
Churches and chapels, 60 

St. Andrew's, 91 

St. Bartholomew's, 93 

St. Bride's, 93 

Christ church, 93 

St. Dunstan's, 92 

St. George's, 89 

St. George the M arty r, 96 



2.90 



INDEX. 



Churches, St. Giles's in the 
fields, 91 

St. Giles's, 95 

St. Helen's, 95 

St. James's, 89 

St. Leonard's, 96 

St. Margaret's, Westmin- 

ster, 88 

St. Margaret's, 95 

St. Martin's, 88 

St. Mary-le-bow, 93 

Marylebone, 90 

St. Mary's, Lambeth, 96 

St. Olave's, 94 

St. Pancras, 90 

St. Paul's, Covent Gar- 

den, 91 

St. Saviour's, 96 

St. Stephen's, 94 

built by Sir C. Wren, 97 

Foreign Protestant, 99 

Circulating libraries, list of, 172 

City, the, 39 

— boundaries, 2 

— companies, 57 

— of London lying-in-hospital, 

204 

— of London school, 184 

— theatre, 109 

— wards, 3 
Clarence club, 161 
Club houses, list of, 160 
Coffee houses, 209 
Commerce of London, 232 
Collection of coins, 129 
Colosseum, 130 
Commercial hall, the, 48 
Commons, house of, 19 
Compter, Giltspur street, 226 
Concert rooms, 113 
Concerts and balls, 113 
Corn and coal exchange, 48 
Corporation of London, 39 
Cosmorama, 132 

Covent Garden market, 217 

theatre, 105 

Country newspapers, 172 
Court of Admiralty, 24 

Bankrupts, 24 

Chancery, 24 

Common pleas, 24 

Ecclesiastical, 24 

Exchequer, 24 

Insolvent debtors, 25 



Court of Queen's bench, 24 

Marshalsea, 24 

Requests, 25 

Rolls, 24 

Vice Chancellor's, 24 

Crockford's club house, 163 
Crosby house, ] 50 
Croydon railway, 24 
Cumberland terrace, 38 
Curiosities and antiquities, 137 
Custom house, the, 45 

Deaf and dumb asylum, 194 
Debtors' prison, 227 
Delivery of letters, 54 
Dining rooms, 209 
Diorama, the, 132 
Dispensaries, 204 
Divans, 209 
Docks, the, shipping, &c. 230 

Commercial, 236 

Drapers' alms houses, 205 
Drury lane theatre, 104 
Duke of York's column, 34 
Dulwich gallery, 129 

Dutch Ambassador's almshouses, 
205. 

East India docks, the, 236 
house, the, 44 

Company's alms 

houses, 205 
Eastern Counties railway, 246 
Eaton square, 158 
Education, 179 
Edwards's alms houses, 205 
Eggs, 213 
Egyptian hall, 120 
Elgin marbles, 1 1 7 
Emanuel hospital, 205 
English opera house, 107 
Epsom, 228 
Eton montem, 273 
Euston square, 159 
Exchange, royal, 42 
Excise office, 43, 47 
Exeter hall, ] 34 
Exhibitions, 133 

Extraordinary features of Lon- 
don, 11 

Fairs, list of, 219 

Fancy glass exhibition, 133 

Farringdon market, 216 



INDEX. 



291 



Female orphan asylum, 192 
Fever hospital, 202 
Finsbury dispensary, 204 
Finsbury market, 219 
Fire insurance offices, 222 

— brigade, 222 
Fish, 214 

Fitzroy square, 159 
Floating baths, 210 
Fleet prison, the, 228 
Foreign hospital, 202 

newspapers, 172 

trade, 232 

Foundling hospital, 192 • 
Free hospital, 200 
French theatre, 1 1 1 
Friends' meeting houses, 98 
Frogmore, 273 
Furnished lodgings, 208 

Gallery of the British institu- 
tion, 127 
Galleries, private, 133 
Gaming houses, 212 
Garrick theatre, 112 
Gas companies, 221 
General dispensary, 204 

lying-in-hospital, 204 

post office, 51 

steam navigation com- 

pany, 244 
Geological society, 32 
Goldsmiths' hall, 58 
Government, 16 
Government offices, 28-32 
Gray's inn, 26 
Gravesend, 237 
Greenwich, 283 

hospital, 283 

' — observatory, 283 

railway, 245 

Great Western railway, 245 
Green park, the, 35 
Gresham lectures, 185 
Grosvenor square, 156 
Guildhall, 48 
Guy's hospital, 197 

Hackney coaches, 241 

coach fares, 242 

Hampton Court palace, 275 
Hanover square rooms, 113 
Hanover square, 159 
Haymarket theatre, 107 



Heralds' college, 188 

Hippodrome, 112 

Horse guards, 29 

Hotels, inns, coffee houses, 206 

House of correction, 228 

lords, 18 

Houses, club, 160 

in the metropolis, 9 

of the nobility, 165 

of parliament, 16 

Hudson Bay company, 45 
Hungerford market, 218 
Hyde park, 37 

Indigent blind school, 190 
Infirmary for asthma, 203 
Infirmary for diseases of the eye, 

202 
Inner temple, 25 
Inns of chancery, 26 
— Hotels, &c, 206 
Institution, British, 127 

— indigent blind, 190 

the London, 175 

the Russell, 175 

the Western, 176 

the Mechanics, 176 

the Literary, 175 

the royal, 174 

Institutions, various, 178 
Insurance offices, 222 
Ironmongers' alms houses, 205 
Italian opera house, 102 
Itinerant menagerie, 122 
Jews' synagogues, 98 
Judges' chambers, the, 26 
Junior united service club, 162 

Kew gardens, 278 
Katherine, St. docks, the, 234 
Kensington palace, 14 

gardens, 14 

King's college, 181 
King's college hospital, 203 

Lambeth palace, 16 
Lancasterian schools, 181 
Lansdowne house, 168 
Law, courts of, 24 

- institution, the, 26, 177 
Leadenhall market, 216 

Leicester square, 157 
Life insurance offices, 222 
Lincoln's inn, 26 



292 



INDEX, 



Lincoln's inn fields, 157 

Linwood's (Miss) exhibition, 129 

Literary fund society, 174 

Literature, 169 

Literary union, the, 161 

Livery of London, 40 

Lloyd's coffee house, 42 

Lodgings, 208 

Lollards' tower, 16 

London bridge, 237 

institution, 175 

stone, 150 

Lords, house of, 18 

Lord Mayor, the, 39 

London almshouses, 206 

bridge, 237 

docks, the, 235 

hospital, the, 200 

dispensary, 204 

fever hospital, 201 

ophthalmic hospital, 202 

retrospective view of, l 

situation of, 2 

salubrity of, 9 

great fire of, 4 

gradual increase of, 6 

improvements in, 9 

extent of, 1 1 

the port of, 232 

population of, 10 

amusements in, 101 

institution, 1/5 

stone, 150 

■ university, 31 

literary institution, 175 

orphan asylum, 193 

Lowther arcade, the, 136 

Lowther bazaar, 135 

Luke's, St., hospital, 199 

Lying-in hospitals, 204 
institution, 204 

Madame Tussaud's, 131 
Magdalen hospital, 191 
Magna charta, 3 
Mail coaches, 53 
Mansion house, the, 40 
Markets and supplies, 212 

weekly, 219 

Marlborough house, 168 
Marshalsea prison, the, 228 
Meat and poultry, 214 
Mechanics' institution, 1/6 
Melbourne house, 168 
Menagerie, itinerant, 122 



Merchant taylors' hail, 58 
Merchant taylors' school, 18/ 
Metropolitan hospital, 203 
Metropolitan free hospital, 203 
Middlesex hospital, 199 
Middlesex house of correction, 228 
Middle temple, 25 
Military establishment, 28 
Milk, 213 
Ministry, the, 18 
Mint, the, 48 
Model prison, 230 
Monument, the, 152 
Morden college, 205 
Municipality, the, 39 
Museum, economic geology, 127 

the Soane, 119 

the missionary, 120 

National gallery, the, 122 

schools, 181 

Naval asylum, Greenwich, 284 
Nelson's monument, 154 
Newgate, prison of, 223 

market, 216 

Newport market, 219 

New prison, Clerkenwell, 229 

New London bridge, 23/ 

New River company, 220 

Newspapers, 171 

Northern and eastern counties 

railway, 246 
Northumberland house, 167 
Nursery grounds, 215 

Observatory, Greenwich, 283 
Old Bailey, 223 
Olympic theatre, 110 
Omnibuses, 242 
Opening parliament, 17 
Opera house, Italian, 102 

, English, 107 

Ornithological society, 33 
Orphan asylum, the London, 193 

Painted hall, Greenwich, 285 
Palace court, 24 
Panoramas, Burford's, 132 
Pantechnicon, the, ISA 
Pantheon, the, 136 
Panyer alley, 149 
Parks, promenades, &c, 32 
Parliament, 16 
Pavilion theatre, 1 1 1 
Penitentiary, 230 



I N D E X. 



293 



Peers of the realm, 16 

Periodical publications, 170 

Peter the Great, 150 

Philanthropic society, 194 

Plan of viewing- London in seven 
days, 247 

Physicians, college of, 188 

Picture galleries, 1 33 j private, 133 

Plague, the great, 4 

Poets' corner, 81 

Police, metropolitan, 26 

city, 27 

Polytechnic institution, 120 

Population of London, 9 

Portland place, 158 

Portman square, 159 

Post office, the general, 5 1 

rates of postage, 54 

■ delivery of letters, 54-56 

■ bank notes & drafts, 54 

money order office, 54 

Poultry, meat, &c, 214 

Press, the public, 1/0 
Primrose hill, 39 
Prince's theatre, 108 
Princess's theatre, 1 1 
Printing, introduction of, 3 

by steam, 172 

Private galleries, 133 
Privy council, the, 17-30 
Promenades, 32 

Quadrant, the, 155 
Queen's bench prison, 227 

square, 158 

theatre, 102 

Queen Charlotte's lying-in hospi- 
tal, 203 
Queen Elizabeth's dish, 150 

Railroads, 245 
Reading rooms, 1 73 
Recorder, the, 40 
Reform club, 164 
Regent's park, the, 38 
Refuge for the destitute, 206 
Residence, temporary, 10 
Richmond, 277 
Roman Catholic chapels, 97 
Routes for viewing London, 247 
Royal Academy, 126 
of music, 113 

Astronomical society, 32 

Adelaide gallery, 118 

Botanical society, 39 



Royal Exchange, 42 

institution, 174 

military asylum, 288 

naval asylum, 284 

society, 31 

standard, 14 

Russell institution, 175 

Russell square, 156 

Russia company, 45 

St. George's hospital, 199 
St. John's gate, 150 
St. James's palace, 12 

park, 33 

— square, 157 

St. Katherine docks, 234 
St. Luke's hospital 99 
St. Paul's cathedral 60 

library, the, 62 

whispering gallery, 63 

monuments, 64 



— crypt, the, 66 
admittance to, 



school, 186 

St. Thomas's hospital, 196 
Sadler's wells theatre, 111 
Savings' banks, 223 
School, the Charterhouse, 187 
City of London, 184 

of design, 31 

Lancasterian, 181 

Merchant taylors' 187 

National, 181 

St. Paul's, 186 

Sunday, 182 

Westminster, 186 

Sea bathing infirmary, 202 
Seamen's hospital society, 202 
Senior united service club, 162 
Sessions house, 225 
Serpentine, the, 37 
Shipping, docks, &c, 230 
Sion college, 187 
Small pox hospital, the, 201 
Smithfield, 216 
Soane museum, 1 19 
Societies, book, 170 

list of, 178 

Society of antiquaries, 31 

of arts, 128 

of British artists, 127 

literary fund, 174 

of royal literature, 1 7'i 

Soho square, 157 
bazaar, 135 



204 



I X D E X, 



South sea company, 45 

Southwark bridge, 238 

South western railway, 246 

Spencer house, 168 

Squares, list of, 156 

Statue of the Duke of Bedford, 156 

Charles I., 154 

C. J. Fox, 158 

George I., 157 

George III., 155 

Guy, 198 

Steam boats, 244 

printing press, 172 

Strand theatre, 110 
Stock exchange, the, 44 
Streets of London, 9 

lengths of, 11 

Subscription houses, 160 
Sunday schools, 182 
Surrey county goal, 226 
Surgeons, college of, 189 

theatre, the, 109 

Sutherland house, 166 
Synagogues, Jews', 98 

Talbot inn, 149 

Taverns, 206 

Tea gardens, 114 

Temple, the, 25 

Temple, inner, 25; middle, 25 

Temple bar, 151 

Thames, the river, 239 

tunnel, 240 

Theatres, list of, 102 
Tilbury fort, 250 
Times newspaper, 172 
Tothill fields, Bridewell, 229 
Tower of London, the, 137 

horse armoury, 140 

queen Elizabeth's armoury, 

143 

loss by fire at the, 146 

jewel room, 146 

admission to, 148 

Trafalgar square, 156 
Travellers' club, 161 
Treasury, the, 29 
Trinity house, the, 47 



Trinity alms houses, 205 

Turkish piece, 33 

United service club, junr., 162 

club, 162 

institution, 118 

University, London, 31 

college, 179 

college hospital, 203 

club house, 160 



Vauxhall bridge, 240 
Veterinary college, 190 
Victoria gate, 38 

theatre, lji 

Victoria park, 39 

Walls of London, 2 
Walbrook church, 94 
Water colour drawings, 127 
Water companies, 220 
Watermen's almshouses, 206 
Waterloo bridge, 239 
Western exchange, 133 

literary institution, 176 

West India docks, 235 
Westminster abbey, 68 

admission to, 88 

bridge, 240 

hall, 23 

hospital, the, 200 

school, 186 

general dispensary, 204 

ophthalmic hospital, 202 

Whispering gallery, St. Paul's, 63 
Whitehall chapel, 15 

palace, 15 

Whittington's alms houses, 206 
Willis's rooms, 113 
Windsor, 262 
Woolwich, 2/8 
Workhouses, 206 

Yeomen of the guard, 28 

Zoological gardens, Regent's 
park, 120 
gardens, Surrey, 121 



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1 


2 by 10 


2 


Ancient 








World 


4 


7 by 2 10 


18 26 


Ditto 


2 


3 by 2 2 


11 o 17 


GENERAL MAPS OF 


EUROPE. 


Europe 


. 7 


1 by 5 5 


55 63 


Ditto . 


5 


2 by 4 


40 52 


Ditto 


. 5 


1 by 4 2 


18 25 


Ditto . 


4 


2 by 3 3 


25 31 6 


Ditto 


. 4 


by 3 6 


21 28 


Ditto . 


3 


by 2 8 


18 24 


Ditto 


. 2 


8 by 2 9 


13 18 


Ditto . 


2 


6 by 2 


10 6 17 


Ditto 


. 2 


2 by 1 9 


6 10 


Ditto . 


1 


2 by 10 


2 


GENERAL 


MAPS OF ASIA. 


Asia . 


. 7 


1 by 5 5 


84 105 


Ditto 


5 


2 by 4 


40 52 


Ditto . 


. 3 


Oby 2 8 


18 24 


Ditto . 


2 


8 by 2 9 


13 18 


Ditto . 


. 2 


6 by 2 


10 6 17 


Ditto . 


2 


2 by 1 9 


6 12 


Ditto . 


. 1 


2 by 10 


2 


GENERAL MAPS OF 


AFRICA. 


Africa . 


7 


1 by 5 6 


84 105 


Ditto . 


. 5 


3 by 5 6 


52 6 63 


Ditto . 


5 


2 by 4 


40 52 


Ditto . 


. 3 


by 2 8 


18 24 


Ditto 


2 


8 by 2 9 


13 18 


Ditto . 


. 2 


6 by 2 


10 17 o 


Ditto 


2 


2 by 1 9 


6 12 


Ditto . 


. 1 


2 by 10 


2 


GENERAL 


MAPS OF 


AMERICA. 


America . 


7 


1 by 5 6 


84 105 


Ditto . 


. 5 


2 by 4 


40 52 


Ditto 


3 


by 2 8 


18 24 


Ditto . 


. 2 


8 by 2 9 


13 18 


Ditto 


2 


6 by 2 


10 6 17 


Ditto . 


. 2 


2 by 1 9 


6 12 


Ditto . 




2 by 10 


2 



DIVISIONS OF EUROPE. 

Case 
s. d. 

Central Europe . . . . 30 

Post Map of ditto . . . 14 

Central Europe. . . 10 f 

France and Belgium . . 115 t 

France 48 ( 

France 26 ( 

France 18 1 

France, Switzerland, &c. . 21 ( 
France (Northern part), Bel- 
gium, &c 10 ( 

France (Southern part) . 10 ( 

France, with the Post Roads . 13 ( 

France (Post Map) . . 12 ( 

France 10 ( 

France 6 ( 

France 4 ( 

France and Belgium . . 2 ( 

France and part of Germany . 17 C 
France, Germany, and part of 

Italy 15 r 

France, Belgium, and Switzerland 9 ( 

Holland 94 £ 

Holland and Belgium (Post Map) 26 ( 

Holland and Belgium . . 12 C 

Holland and Belgium . 6 ( 

Holland and Belgium . . 2 C 

Switzerland . . . . 12 C 

Switzerland . . . . 10 

Switzerland . . . 9 < 

Switzerland .... 5 

Switzerland .... 2 
Italy and Germany (Southern 

part) 30 

Italy 18 o 

Italy 15 

Italy 12 

Italy 10 

Italy 5 

Italy (North) ... 63 
Italy (North) . . . .11 

Italy (North). ... 5 (( 

Italy (North) .... 2 
Italy (South) . . . .84 

Italy (South) . . . . io 

Italy (South) .... 5 

Italy (South) .... 2 
Italy and Switzerland . .13 

Spain and Portugal . . 94 
Spain and Portugal . . .66 

Spain and Portugal . . 10 

Spain and Portugal ... 5 

Spain and Portugal . . 2 

Pyrenees 105 



DIVISIONS OF EUROPE 

(Continued.) Case, 

s. d. 

Portugal . . . . 18 6 

Portugal . . . . . 10 6 

Portugal .... 50 

Germany 115 6 

Germany (Post Roads) . . 12 

Germany (Western) . . . 11 

Germany .... 90 

Germany 2 

Sweden and Norway . . 9 6 

Sweden and Norway . .20 

Denmark .... 96 

Denmark 2 

Poland 10 6 

Russia in Europe . . . 73 6 

Russia in Europe . . . 10 6 

Russia in Europe . . .20 

Russian Empire . . . 10 

jreece and part of Turkey . 63 

3reece and part of Turkey . 26 

Vtorea and Livadia . . . 16 

Greece and the Ionian Isles . 16 

3reece and the Ionian Isles . 10 

Greece 5 

Greece 2 

Turkey in Europe . . . 10 

Turkey in Europe . . .20 



DIVISIONS OF ASIA 
ndia .... 
ndia .... 

ndia .... 
:ndia and China 
;ndia (Overland Route to) 
ndia and Burmah Empire 
ndia (Central) 

.ndia 

Ceylon .... 
Ceylon .... 
Punjab .... 
Burmah Empire . 
3urmah, Siam, and Cochin Ch 
Burmah Empire 
Afghanistan . 
Afghanistan 
China .... 
China .... 
China .... 
Persia, Asia Minor, &c. . 
Persia .... 
Persia, Cabul, Afghanistan 
Persia .... 
Persia and Arabia 
Northern Asia 



136 6 
88 
21 
15 
12 
10 6 

8 

2 
14 

2 

2 

12 

na 9 

6 
12 

5 
12 

10 
2 

115 6 
46 6 

11 
8 
2 

11 



DIVISIONS OF ASIA 

(Continued.) 



Asia Minor 


. 10 


Japan 


2 


Asiatic Archipelago . 


. 9 6 


Discoveries in Australia 


9 6 


Western Australia . 


. 11 


South Australia 


10 


South East Australia 


10 


Australia .... 


15 


Australia .... 


. 10 


Australind .... 


9 o 


Australia and New Zealand 


6 


Australia .... 


5 


Australia .... 


3 6 


Adelaide (district of) 


8 


New Zealand . 


16 


New Zealand . 3/(5 


& 9 


New South Wales . 


. 36 


New South Wales . 


14 


New South Wales 


. 5 


New South Wales . 


2 


Van Diemen's Land . 


25 


Van Diemen's Land 


12 


Van Diemen's Land . 


9 


Van Diemen's Land 


6 


Van Diemen's Land . 


2 


Pacific Ocean 


10 


Pacific Ocean . 


2 


Asia Minor .... 


18 (j 


Asia Minor, Syria, &c. 


IS 6 


Asia Minor, Persia, &c. 


2 


Khivah and Caspian Sea . 


9 


Syria 


SO 


Syria 


16 


Syria 


2 


Palestine .... 


36 


Palestine .... 


16 


Palestine .... 


6 


Palestine .... 


1 6 


DIVISIONS OF AFRICi 


\. 


Cape of Good Hope . 


36 


Cape of Good Hope 


18 6 


Cape of Good Hope . 


10 


Cape of Good Hope 


2 


North Western Africa 


10 


Nubia and Abyssinia . 


9 6 


Nubia, &c 


2 


Abyssinia .... 


2 


Egypt .... 


30 


Egypt 


96 


Egypt (Lower) . 


30 


Egypt (Lower) 


2 


Egypt (Upper) . 


18 6 



G. F. CRUCHLEY, MAPSELLER AND PUBLISHER, 



DIVISIONS OF AMERICA 



North America 

North America (British) 

North America 

North America 

North America 

South America 

South America 

South America 

South America 

South America 

Colombia . 

Colombia 

Peru and Bolivia 

Peru and Bolivia . 

Brazil 

Brazil 

La Plata and Chili . 

La Plata and Chili 

United States . 

United States 

United States- . 

United States 

United States . 

Texas 

Texas 

Upper Canada 

Upper Canada . 

Upper Canada 

Upper Canada . 

Lower Canada 

Lower Canada . 

Canada . 

Canada 

Atlantic Steam Boat Companion 

Mexico .... 

Mexico 

Mexico and Guatemala 

Mexico and Guatemala 

Mexico and West Indies 

Mexico 

Guatemala 

British Guiana . 

West India Islands 

West India Islands . 

West India Islands 

West India Islands (separate) 

West India Islands . 

West India Islands 

Jamaica 

Jamaica 



Case. 


s. d. 


52 6 


11 


10 6 


5 


2 


115 6 


26 


10 6 


9 6 


2 


9 6 


2 6 


9 6 


2 6 


10 o 


2 6 


10 


2 6 


18 


15 


10 


5 


2 


9 


2 6 


40 


25 


10 6 


9 


10 6 


9 


16 


5 


10 6 


52 


15 


9 6 


8 


4 


2 


12 


6 


42 


12 


10 6 


6 


5 


2 


10 6 


5 



MAPS OF BRITISH GEOCRAPHY. 



British Isles 
British Isles 
British Isles 
British Isles 



ft. in. ft. 

5 5 by 4 

6 2 by 5 
3 6 by 4 



Caie. 
8. d. 
73 6 
46 
26 
6 



Rol. 
b. d. 
90 
60 
36 
10 



IMPROVED 

MAP OF ENGLAND, 

Consisting of 65 Sheets on a scale of 
Half-an-inch to the Mile ; half-bound 
in Russia, 15/. 15s. Separate Sheets, 
mounted in Case, 7s. 6d. each. 



England 
England 
England 
England 
England 



6 by 7 6 

7 1 by 5 
3 6 by 4 5 
3 4 by 4 3 
2 3 by 3 3 



73 6 115 6 
45 52 6 



34 
28 
18 
10 6 



England and Wales 
England, Wales, & Scotland 6 
England (Roads of) . .60 
England, with pt. of France 6 
England and Wales . 2 
Wales ... 10 

North Wales . . . 10 6 
North Wales . . 5 

South Wales . . . 10 6 
South Wales . . 5 



RAILWAY 


MAPS OF ENGLAND. 


England 


7 by 5 45 52 6 


Ditto 


5 10 by 3 6 45 52 6 


Ditto 


2 7 by 3 3 13 21 


Ditto 


6 10 


Ditto 


. 2 



MAPS OF THE COUNTIES. 



Cornwall, Devon, Dorset,Essex, 
Hampshire, Kent, Lancaster, 
Norfolk and Suffolk, York- 
shire, North Wales and South 
Wales . . . Case 

Essex, Norfolk, Lancaster, and 
Kent .... Case 

Hants, Dorset, Suffolk, Somer- 
set, Sussex, Lakes of Cum- 
berland . . . Case 



s. d. 



76 



12 



10 6 



Most of the Counties of England 
can be had on a scale of One Inch to 
the Mile and some on a larger scale if 
wanted. 



t*l, FLEET ST11EET, LONDON* 



MAPS OF THE ENGLISH COUNTIES. 

(2s. 6d. and 5.9. each in cases.) 
Bedford Herefordshire Oxford 
Berkshire Hertfordshire Rutland 
Buckingham Huntingdonshire Shropshire 
Cambridge Kent Somerset 
Cheshire Lancashire Staffordshire 
Cornwall Leicestershire Suffolk 
Cumberland Lincolnshire Surrey- 
Derbyshire Middlesex Sussex 
Devonshire Monmouthshire Warwick 
Dorsetshire Norfolk Westmoreland 
Durham Northamptonshire Wiltshire 
Essex Northumberland Worcestershire 
Gloucester Nottingham Yorkshire 
Hampshire 



MAPS OF IRELAND. 



ft. in. ft. 

7 1 by 5 
4 Oby 3 



Ireland . 7 1 by 5 

Ireland . 4 by 3 4 

Ireland 

Ireland 

Ireland 



Case, 
s. d. 
45 
24 
10 6 
6 
2 



Roller, 
var. 
6. d. 
52 6 
34 
17 
10 



OF SCOTLAND. 
7 1 by 5 45 52 6 



MAPS 

Scotland . 

Scotland . 3 9 by 3 5 24 34 

Scotland . . . 10 6 17 

Scotland . . . 6 10 

Scotland ... 20 

GEOLOGICAL MAPS, ETC. 

England . 6 by 6 2 126 147 
England . 5 by 3 6 52 6 
England . 3 6 by 2 4 25 
England and Wales 16 

Ireland . 6 5 by 5 4 66 
Scotland . 7 1 by 5 84 
British Isles . . 19 

British Isles . . . 7 6 
Central & Western Europe 42 
Rivers and Mountains in the 

World 16 

Ditto ditto ditto 8 

View of the Water Falls in the 

World .... 80 

View of the Hills in England . 15 
Stream of Time . . . 28 
General Chart of History . 14 

A Moveable Planisphere . 9 

Ditto ditto coloured 10 6 
Planetary System, coloured . 31 6 

Ditto ditto plain . 21 



63 
31 6 
21 o 
7Q 6 
94 6 



42 



LONDON & WESTMINSTER; 

Wherein every Dwelling House is described 
and numbered, consisting of 40 Sheets ; half- 
bound in Russia, with the Parishes coloured 
and an Index Map, 13?. 13s. Separate Sheets, 
plain, of the above Map, Is. 

THE CITY OP LONDON 

(Only) , showing the Boundaries of the various 
Wards, &c., in Case, 21. 2s. 



MAPS OF LONDON. 



London 
London 
London 
London 
London 
London 
London 



6 3 by 4 2 
4 7 by 4 2 
4 7 by 2 5 



84 

45 

11 

8 

5 



s. d. 
105 
55 
18 
14 
10 



3 6 
2 



ENVIRONS OF LONDON. 

Case. 

Scale 5 inch to mile (6 miles) 45 

Ditto 2 inch to mile (9 miles) 12 

Ditto l£ inch to mile (12 miles) 13 

Ditto l inch to mile (30 miles) 30 

Ditto 1 inch to mile (15 miles) 15 

Ditto 1 inch to mile (12 miles) 9 

Ditto % inch to mile (30 miles) 20 

Ditto I inch to mile (15 miles) 10 

Ditto £ inch to mile (60 miles) 30 

Ditto £ inch to mile (24 miles) 6 

Ditto | inch to mile (12 miles) 2 

The Environs of London, half an 
inch to the mile, may be had to any 
extent round London. 



G. F. CRUCHLEV, MAPSELLER AND PUBLISHER, 



HAND-BOOKS, GUIDES, INTERPRETERS, 6rc. 



ENCLAND. 

s. 
Road Book, England, (half-bd.) 21 
Pocket Road Book, ditto . 9 

with County Maps 12 

Itinerary through England . 8 
American in England, 2 vols. 21 
Passavant's Tour through Eng- 
land 21 

Spas of England, 2 vols. . 24 
Owen's Book of Roads . . 2 

Book of Fairs . . 1 

Pleasure Tours in England . 6 
Dover Road Book . . 3 

Excursions to the English Spas 5 
Guide to the Lakes . 3/ 5/ & 6 

Arundel ... 2 

the Watering Places 

3/6 & 15 

British Isles (in French) 9 

Birmingham . . 3 

the Border . . 4 

Brighton . 1/ 2/ & 2 

Map of Brighton (case) 5 



Cambridge 

Chester 

Canterbury . 

Dover 

Hampton Court 

Hull 

Isle of Thanet 

Liverpool 



3 
. 2 

. 2/&3 

2/6 & 6 

. 2 

1 

. 4 

2/ &4 



Margate, Ramsgate, &c. 2 

Manchester . . 5 

Malvern ... 1 

Newcastle 

Netley Abbey 

Southampton 

Windsor 

York 

Yorkminster 



Coast Companion 



1/6 & 6 
. 1 
1/ 1/6 & 2 
. 1/&5 
3 
. 1 
3 



LONDON. 
Guide to London with Costumes 15 

24 ditto . .12 

with 111 Views 9 

without Views 6* 

(in Spanish) . 5 

Port of London . 4 

Hackney Coach Fares . , l 
Views and History of London 8 
Ditto, and its Environs . . 8 
Hand Book, Westminster Abbey 2 



LONDON. 

s. d. 

Picture of London, with 59 Views 

and Coloured Map 5 

without Map . 3 

with 59 Views & 

Coloured Map (in French) 5 

with Views with- 
out Map (in French) 3 

WALES. 

North Wales . 2/6 5/ & 25 

South Wales . . 2/6 & 25 

Cambrian Tourist . . 20 

Guide to Wales . . 3/6 5/6 & 9 

Welsh Interpreter ... 3 6 

Guide to the River Wvc . . 12 



SCOTLAND. 

Scottish Tourist ... 8 

Pocket Road Book ... 9 
Picture of Scotland 
Pleasure Tours in Scotland . 5 
Tourist Guide through Scotland 5 
Itinerary of Scotland . . 4 
Stranger's Guide to Scotland 6/ & 8 
Guide to the Highlands . 10 

ditto ... 2 

Economical Guide to Edinburgh 3 

through Scotland 3 

Guide to Edinburgh, 48 views . 8 

ditto ... 4 

ditto ... l 

Glasgow . . 2 

IRELAND. 

New Guide through Ireland . 1 2 
Pocket Road Book, Ireland . 10 
Guide to Wicklow . . .5 

Killarney . . 2/ & 5 

Giant's Causeway . 5 

Dublin ..." 

■ ditto . . . .2 

ISLE OF WICHT. 
Illustrations of the Isle of Wight 10 6 
Historical Guide to the Isle of 

Wight ; . . . .60 
Guides to the Isle of Wight 

1/ 1/6 2/6 & 6 
Beauties of the Isle of Wight . 3 
Isle of Wight Illustrated 10 6 



81, FLEET STREET, LONDON. 



RAILWAY GUIDES. 

8. 

Birmingham Railway, with pis. 16 
Grand Junction Railway, ditto 14 

8 
2 

1 
2 
2 
4 
4 
1 
2 



Hand Book to the Railways . 
Birmingham Railway Guide 
Birmingham Railway Map 
*Grand Junction Railway Guide 
* ditto Map 

*These Eooks bd. together 
Great Western Railway Guide 

ditto Map 

South Western Railway Guide 

ditto Map 

Railway Companion 
Railway Time Table (Monthly) 
The various 
published. 



Railways as soon 



CONTINENTAL CUIDES. 
Hand Book North of Europe . 12 
Inglis's Norway and Sweden 9 
Reichard's Denmark, &c. . 7 
Guide to Moscow . . .8 

HOLLAND AND BELGIUM. 
Saunter in Belgium . . 12 
Guide through Holland . . 6 
Holland, Belgium, and North 

Germany . . . .10 
Guide to the Field of Waterloo 5 
Boyce's Belgium Traveller . 9 
Belgium, Historical and Pic- 
turesque .... 8 
Belgium Railway . . .5 
Guide through Belgium . 6 
Romberg's Guide to Brussels . 8 
Guide to Brussels ... 2 

FRANCE. 

A Ramble through France 
Reichard's Guide to France 
Inglis's Ditto .' 
Guide to Boulogne 



10 
10 
10 
8 
2 
3 



Hand Book up the Seine 
Guide to Calais 



PARIS. 

American in Paris, 2 vols. . 21 
Planta's Guide to Paris , . g 

— = with Costumes 12 

Galignani's Guide to Paris . 8 

with plates 12 

Guide to Paris . . 3/6 & 6 

How to enjoy Paris . . 2 
Hand Book to Paris . . 2 



PARIS 

(Continued.) 

Plan of Paris^case) 



Fortifications round Paris . 

GERMANY. 
Hand Book of North Germany 
Hand Book of South Germany 
Maps to illustrate these Hand 

Books 

Read Book of Germany 
Spas of Germany 
Germany and the Germans . 
German Tourist 

SWITZERLAND. 
Hand Book of Switzerland . 
Inglis's Guide through Swit- 
zerland 10 

the Tyrol 12 

Excursions through Switzerland 21 
Tour through Switzerland . 10 
Guide through Switzerland . 9 
Companion through Switzerland 6 

ITALY. 

Stark's Travellers' Guide 
Travels in Europe . 
Valery's Guide to Italy 
Boyd's Guide to Italy 
Reichard's Guide to Italy 
Vasi's Rome 
Vasi's Naples . » 
Hand Book, North Italy . 
Hand Book, Central Italy 
A Scamper through Italy 

RHINE. 
Rhenish Album 



8. d. 

18 
4 
3 6 



12 
10 
12 
15 
3 



Schreiber's Rhine 
Guide to the Rhine 
Hand Book to the Rhine 



10 



15 

13 

15 

4 

10 6 



15 

12 6 

9 

6 

3 6 



PYRENEES. 

Sketches in the Pyrenees . 24 

Rambles through the Pyrenees 10 6 

Inglis's Pyrenees, France, &c. 10 6 

SPAIN. 

Spain Revisited . . . 21 

Reichard's Spain ... 7 

PANORAMAS. 

Panorama of London . 6/& 12 o 

Thames . 28/ & 56 

. Richmond 6/ & 12 

Switzerland 12/ & 24 o 



8 



G. F. CRUCHLEY, MAPSELLER AND PUBLISHER. 



PANORAMAS 

(Continued.) s, d. 

Panorama of the Rhine 

3/6 10/6 & 21 

Maine . 6/ & 12 

Rome . 31/6 & 52 6 

Constantinople 

20/ & 34 

INTERPRETERS, CONVERSA- 
TIONS, DICTIONARIES, ETC. 

French Interpreter . . .66 
Italian Interpreter . . 6 6 
Conversational Preceptor . 6 6 
Le Precepteur Conversationnel 4 
Manuel de Voy ageur, 6 Ian guages 9 



4 languages 



English and German 
English, French, and Italian . 
English, German, and French 
French Grammar 
French and English Conversa- 
tions 

Dialogues 

French and German Dialogues 
French and Italian Dialogues . 
Introduction to the Italian Lan- 
guage 

Le Echo de Paris . 
Parisian Elements 
Rouillon's Tourist's Companion 
Porquet's Nouvelles Conversa- 
tions 

English and Foreign Ready- 
Reckoner .... 
Rowbotham's Introduction to 

the French Language . 
Ditto Spanish Language 
Sadler's Manuel de Phrases 
English and German Dictionary 
French and English Dictionary 
French and English Dictionary 
French and English Dictionary 
Porquet's French & English 
Dictionary .... 

German Reading . 

Italian Reading 

French and German Dictionary 
French and Italian Dictionary 
French and Spanish Dictionary 
French Dictionary 



6 


6 


5 





4 





4 





4 





2 





2 


6 


2 


6 


2 


6 


2 


6 


3 


6 


7 


6 


4 


6 


3 


6 


2 


6 


3 





4 





1 


6 


3 


6 


8 





7 


6 


4 





5 





3 


6 


3 


6 


6 





7 


6 


7 





4 






VARIOUS GUIDES, ETC. 

Belgium, Rhine, Switzerland, 
&c 

Johnson on Change of Air . 

A Summer's Tour . 

Diary of an Invalid 

Guide to the Isle of Man . 

Guide to Jersey and Guernsey 

Map of Jersey (Case) 

Map of Guernsey (Case) 

Guide to the Channel Islands 

Map of Channel Islands (Case,) 

Hand Book to the East 

Hand Book to India and Egypt 12 

Notes — Overland Journey to 
Bombay 10 

Guide to the Levant 

Channel Islands, Illustrated . 

Gifford's Ionian Isles . 

Reminiscences of a Traveller . 

Tour to the Highlands and 
Hebrides .... 

Tour on the Continent, 2 vols. 

Sea Side Bijou 

Sherer's Foreign Travel . 

Travelling Opinions of Russia 

Table of Swiss Coins, &c. 

Manual Steam Boat Traveller 

Post Roads of Europe 

Romberg's Brussels 

Continental Traveller 

Dates and Distances 

Inglis's Channel Islands . 

Western Australia 

Emigrant's Friend to Canada . 

Emigration to North America 

History of Jamaica . 

Journal of a Tour through 
America 3 

Notes of a Journey through 
Canada 7 

Picture of Australia 

Pym's Adventures . 

Rambles through America . 

Universal Steam Boat Com- 
panion 

Newton on the Globes . 

Young Astronomer . 

Keith on the Use of the Globes 

Howe's Lessons on the Globes 

Anderson's Mercantile Com- 
panion 5 



10 


6 


9 





6 


6 


7 


6 


2 


6 


5 





4 





4 





10 


6 


5 





15 





12 





10 


6 


9 





10 


6 


12 





6 





7 


6 


25 





6 





9 


6 


7 


6 


l 


6 


8 


6 


8 





8 





6 


6 


8 


6 


12 





5 


6 


2 





1 


6 


5 


6 



10 


6 


7 





10 


6 


i 


G 


3 





4 


8 


5 





7 






CRUCHLEY'S 
PROGRESSIVE MAPS, 

IN FOUR DIVISIONS OF EIGHT MAPS EACH, 

FOR THE USE OP 

SCHOOLS AND PRIVATE TUITION. 



SIZE OF EACH MAP, 19 INCHES BY 15. 



This valuable and extensive Series contains One Hundred and 
Fifty Maps, drawn and engraved from the most recent Surveys and 
latest Discoveries, and forming altogether the most useful Assort- 
ment ever published. 

FIRST DIVISION CONTAINS 
Europe; Asia; Africa; America; Mercator's World; England; 

Ireland; and Scotland. 

With each Map in all the Divisions three others are published, consisting 

of a Hair-line of the General Map— an Outline of the Rivers, Boundaries, 

Sfc— and the Projections of the Lines of Latitude and Longitude, forming 

together Twenty- four Maps. 

SECOND DIVISION CONTAINS 

France; Germany; Spain and Portugal ; Russia; Holland and 

Belgium ; Italy ; Norway and Sweden ; and Syria. 

Accompanied by Twenty-four Maps, as in the First Division. 

THIRD DIVISION CONTAINS 

Eastern Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere; British Isles]; India; 

Canaan; Palestine; West Indies; Australia; New Zealand; and 

East India Islands. 

Accompanied by Twenty-four Maps, as above. 

FOURTH DIVISION CONTAINS 

Switzerland; Austria; United States and Canada ; China; Persia; 

Arabia, fyc.; Egypt; Turkey and Greece; and engraved Title-page. 

Accompanied by Twenty-one Maps, as above. 



\Brtce of tf)c €tgi;t J^taps in eatf) Btfcision of tty aoooe Series. 

General Maps, plain, 2s. 6d., full coloured, 4s. — Hair-line Maps, plain, 

2s. 6d., full coloured, 4s.— Outline Maps, plain, 2s., full coloured, 3s. 6d. — 

Projections of Maps, plain, 2s. 

EACH MAP MAY BE HAD SEPARATELY, 

PRICE SIXPENCE, PLAIN-FULL COLOURED, NINEPENCE. 

On Millboard, plain, Is.; on Millboard, /m// coloured, ls.3d.; on 
Cloth in Case, Is. 6d. ; Dissected, 5s. 



10 



G. F. CRUCHLEY, MAPSELLER AND PUBLISHER, 



The Hair-line Maps Nos. 3 and 5 of this New Series repre- 
sent Pencilled Maps, intended for the Pupil to trace over with a 
Pen, and forming an entirely new feature in School Maps ; which 
will be found of great importance to the Student in enabling him 
to produce a better finished Map than on any other plan. 

Also may be had Two other parts, one containing Twelve Hair- 
line Maps (No. 3) of the Outline Map (on the same plan as the 
Hair-line of the General Map) ; the other, Twelve Maps, showing 
the Coast Line (No. 2) (to be filled up by the Pupil) of the various 
Countries as follows — England, Ireland, Scotland, Europe, Asia, 
Africa, America, France, Holland and Belgium, Mercator's World, 
Eastern Hemisphere, Western Hemisphere. Price 3s. each Part. 
These Maps are not continued on the same plan to any other in 
the Series. 

These Maps are likewise published in Thirty-one Parts — Twelve 
First Parts contain Six Maps each, price 2*. 6d. ; and Nineteen 
Parts, Four Maps, (omitting Nos. 2 and 3,) price 2*., on the 
following much improved plan : — 

No. 1. Lines of Latitude and Longitude. 

No. 2.* Ditto ditto with Outline of the Coast. 

No. 3.* Ditto ditto the Hair-line Map of No. 4. 

No. 4. Finished Outline of the Coast, Rivers, and Boundaries of 

the Map. 
No. 5. Hair-line of the General Map— No. 6. 
No. 6. The General Map, Engraved in a superior style, forming a 

finished copy of the others. 
* These Nos. are omitted in Parts 13 to 31. 



THE FOLLOWING IS A LIST OF THE PARTS : — 



1. England. 

2. Ireland. 

3. Scotland. 

4. France. 

5. Europe. 

6. Holland and Belgium. 

7. Asia. 

8. Eastern Hemisphere. 

9. Western Hemisphere. 

10. Africa. 

11. Mercator's World. 

12. America. 

13. Syria. 

14. Italy. 

15. Canaan. 

16. British Isles. 



17. Palestine. 

18. Spain and Portugal. 

19. China. 

20. India. 

21. United States and Canada. 

22. Australia, NewZealand,&c. 

23. Germany. 

24. Norway, Sweden, &c. 

25. Russia in Europe. 

26. Persia, Arabia, Cabul, &c. 

27. West India Islands. 

28. Austria. 

29. Egypt (Upper and Lower). 

30. Turkey and Greece. 

31. Switzerland. 



(The above Maps are in the Supplementary Catalogue of the Society 
for promoting Christian Knowledge.) 



81, FLEET STREET, LONDON, 



11 



CRUCHLEY'S 

SCHOOL ATLAS 

FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND PRIVATE TUITION, 

CONTAINING THE FOLLOWING 

THIRTY-ONE SUPERIOR ENGRAVED MAPS. 



Western Hemisphere 

Eastern Hemisphere 

Mercator's World 

Europe (General Map) 

British Isles 

England 

Scotland 

Ireland 

Norway and Sweden 

Russia in Europe 

Holland and Belgium 

France 

Spain and Portugal 

Germany 

Switzerland 

Italy 

Austria 



Turkey in Europe and Greece 

Asia (General Map) 

Canaan 

Palestine 

Syria 

Persia, Arabia, Afghanistan, 

Cabul, Etc. 
India 
China 
Australia, New Zealand, and 

East India Islands 
Africa (General Map) 
Egypt 

America (General Map) 
United States, with Upper and 

Lower Canada 
West India Islands. 



SIZE OF EACH MAP, 19 INCHES BY 15 INCHES. 

Full Coloured, Half-bound, Sixteen Shillings; or, Elegantly Bound in 
Embossed Leather, Gilt, One Guinea. 

FORMING A HANDSOME PRESENT 

for the younger branches of families at any season. 



CHEAP AND SPLENDID MAPS, 

BY MR. ARROWSMITH, 

hydrographer to his late majesty. 



G. F. CRUCHLEY, Mapseller and Publisher, 81, Fleet Street, London, 
having purchased from the Executors of the late Mr. Arrowsmith, the 
valuable copyrights of some of his large and splendid Maps, most respect- 
fully offers them to the notice of the Public, at such a great reduction from 
the original published prices, that an extensive sale only can recompense 
for the great outlay in purchasing them. They will be found to contain 
every improvement to the present time, and are well adapted for all Public 
Institutions, Libraries, Bankers', Solicitors', and Merchants' Offices, &c. 

ARROWSMITH'S LARGE MAP OF EUROPE, 

Size, 7 feet by 5 feet 6 inches, (the largest Map of Europe published,) on 
Rollers and Varnished for THREE GUINEAS, recently sold by Mr. 
Arrowsmith for Six Guineas. 



12 



G. F. CRUCHLEY, MAPSELLER AND PUBLISHER, 



ARROWSMITH'S LARGE MAP OF ENGLAND, 

(reduced from the Ordnance Maps,) on Rollers and Varnished for TWO 
GUINEAS AND A HALF; recently sold by Mr. Arrowsmith for Fiv* 
Guineas. Size, 7 feet by 5 feet. 

ARROWSMITH'S LARGE MAP OF IRELAND, 

(reduced from the Government Surveys,) with the proposed Railways, on 
Rollers and Varnished for TWO GUINEAS AND A HALF; recently sold 
by Mr. Arrowsmith for Five Guineas. Size, 7 feet by 5 feet. 

ARROWSMITH'S LARGE MAP OF SCOTLAND, 

constructed from Materials afforded by the Parliamentary Commissioners, 
on Rollers and Varnished for TWO GUINEAS AND A HALF ; recently 
sold by Mr. Arrowsmith for Five Guineas. Size, 7 feet by 5 feet. 

*** These large and splendid Maps (of England, Ireland, and Scotland) 
form the largest set of Maps of the BRITISH ISLES published, and the set 
of Three Maps may be had for SIX GUINEAS; recently sold by Mr. 
Arrowsmith for Fifteen Guineas. 



ARROWSMITH'S GEOLOGICAL MAP OF SCOTLAND, 

Made by order of the Lords of the Treasury, by Dr. M'Cur.LOCH; size, 
7 feet by 5 feet, on Rollers and Varnished for FOUR GUINEAS AND A 
HALF; recently sold by Mr. Arrowsmith for Seven Guineas. The 
only Geological Map of Scotland published. 

ARROWSMITH'S NEW GENERAL ATLAS, 

Comprehending the following Forty-five Maps, delineating the Principal 
Physical Features, Political Divisions, Main Roads, &c. This superior en- 
graved Modern Atlas, (allowed to be the best published,) is the result of a 
careful investigation, and minute research of the most authentic and 
valuable documents of Mr. Arrowsmith, price TWO POUNDS FIVE 
SHILLINGS, recently sold by him for Three Guineas. 



World— Globular 

World — Mercator's 

Europe 

England 

Scotland 

Ireland 

Sweden and Norway 

Russia in Europe 

Denmark 

Holland 

Belgium 

France 

Spain and Portugal 

Switzerland 

Germany 



North Italy 

South Italy 

Turkey in Europe 

Greece 

Asia 

Asia Minor, &c. 

Syria 

Persia and Arabia 

Punjab 

India 

Ceylon 

China and Burmah 

East Indies 

New South Wales 

Van Diemen's Land 



Japan 

Pacific Ocean 

Africa 

Lower Egypt 

Nubia, &c. 

Abyssinia 

Cape of Good Hope 

America 

North America 

United States 

Mexico 

West Indies 

Darien 

South America 

Rivers and Mountains. 



The above Maps may he had mounted in neat French Cases, for the Pocket, 
adapted for Travelling, price Two Shillings each. 



81, FLEET STREET, LONDON. 13 

THREE SERIES OF MAPS, FOR THE USE OF 

SCHOOLS AND PRIVATE TUITION, 

UPON A CLEAR AND ENLARGED SCALE. 



These New Series of Maps have been engraved for the use of Public 
Schools, Seminaries, and Private Families, to aid in the all- important work 
of Education. For this purpose they are constructed with bold outlines, 
to immediately impress on the mind of the young- student the physical form 
of each portion of the Earth exhibited to his view. The names of the prin- 
cipal places only are given, thus securing greater clearness to theMaps, and 
avoiding confusion to the eye and mind of the Pupil. 



MAPS OF GENERAL AND ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY, 

ON A LARGE SCALE. 

Width. Depth. Pr. in Shts. Roller*, 

ft. in. ft. in. a. d. £, s. d. 

The World (Globular) . . . 6 8 by 3 6 14 110 

Europe 5 8 by 4 4 10 6 l6 

Asia 5 8 by 4 4 10 6 16 

Africa 4 4 by 5 8 10 6 16 

America 4 4 by 5 8 10 6 16 

England 4 4 by 5 8 10 6 16 

Scotland 4 4 by 5 8 10 6 16 

Ireland 44 by 58 10 6 16 

Ancient or Scripture World . . 58 by 44 106 0160 

{comprising The Land of Canaan") 

—The Land of Promise— Holy }. 4 4 by 5 8 10 6 16 
Land— Plan of Jerusalem. 

Orbis Veteribus Notus . . .58 by 44 10 6 16 

Italia Antiqua, with Plan of Rome . 58 by 44 10 6 16 

Grsecia An tiqua, with Plan of Athens 5 8 by 4 4 10 6 016 

Asia Minor Antiqua . . . . 4 4 by 2 10 6 10 
Terra Sancta, combining the Old and 

New Testaments . . . . 2 10 by 4 4 6 10 

MAPS OF GENERAL AND SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 

Width. Depth. Shts. Col. Rol. R. & V. 

ft. in. ft. in. s. d. s. d. s. d. 

The World (Mercator's) . . .42 by 28 80 120160 

The World (Globular) . . . 43 by 22 60 100 14 

Europe 2 10 by 2 2 3 6 8 

Asia 2 10 by 2230 6080 

Africa 22 by 2 10 30 60 80 

America 22 by 2 10 30 60 80 

Australia and New Zealand . .210 by 22 30 60 80 

England 22 by 2 10 30 60 80 

Scotland 22 by 2 10 30 60 80 

Ireland 22 by 2 10 30 60 80 



14 



(i. F. CRUCHLEY, MAPSKLLKR AND PUBLISHER. 



MAPS OF CENERAL AND SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY 

(continued.) 

Width. Depth. Shts. Col. Rol. R.&V 

ft. in. ft. iu s. d. i. d. t. d. 

The British Isles, on one Map . . 3 5 by 4 3 8 14 18 
The Journeyings of the Children of 

Israel 2 10 by 2 2 3 6 8 i 

The Land of Canaan prior to its 

Conquest 22 by 2 10 30 6 8 I 

The Land of Promise, as divided 

amongst the Twelve Tribes . 22 by 2 10 30 60 81 
Palestine, or Holy Land, in the time 

of our Saviour . . . .22 by 2 10 30 60 80 

St. Paul's Voyages and Travels . 2 10 by 2 2 30 60 80 

Jerusalem, or the City of the Lord .22 by 2 10 30 60 80 

LARGE OUTLINE MAPS, CORRESPONDING WITH THE ABOVE. 

The World (Globular) . . .43 by 22 40 80 

Europe 210 by 22 20 60 

Asia 2 10 by 2220 50 

Africa 22 by 2 10 20 50 

America 2 2 by 2 10 2 5 

England 22 by 2 10 20 60 

Scotland 22 by 2 10 20 50 

Ireland 22 by 2 10 20 50 

These Outline Maps not coloured are 6d. each less. 



SMALLER MAPS OF GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. 



1. Western Hemisphere 

2. Eastern Hemisphere 

3. Mercator's World 

4. Europe (General Map) 

5. British Isles 

6. England 

7. Scotland 

8. Ireland 

9. Norway and Sweden 

10. Russia in Europe 

11. Holland and Belgium 

12. France 

13. Spain and Portugal 

14. Germany 

15. Switzerland 

16. Italy 

17. Austria 



18. Turkey in Europe & Greece 

19. Asia (General Map) 

20. Canaan 

21. Palestine 

22. Syria 

23. Persia, Arabia, Afghanis- 

tan, Cabul, &c. 

24. India 

25. China 

26. Australia, New Zealand & 

East India Islands 

27. Africa (General Map) 

28. Egypt 

29. America (General Map) 

30. United States with Upper 

and Lower Canada 

31. West India Islands. 



The above Series is 19 Inches by 15.— Price 6rf. each, Plain— gd. Full Co- 
loured— 1*. 3d. on Millboard— Mounted in Case, Is. 6d— and 5s. Dissected, 
inclosed in a neat Box, accompanied by a duplicate Map. 

*** Outline, Hair-line, and Projections may be had to correspond with 
these Maps— (see Prospectus, Cruchley's Progressive Maps). 
The advantage* offered by these Outlines, fyc. 8fc. are twofold, since they may 

be used as a Preparatory Exercise, and as successors to the other Maps. 



THE FOLLOWING MAPS 

ARE IMPROVED TO THE PRESENT TIME, 

And can be recommended as forming the most useful, and the best adapted 
for general reference and use in the Office or Library of the 

JfWercijant, Sanlur, Solicitor, ov public fctftttutton*. 



CRUCHLEY'S NEW PLAN OF LONDON, extending Six 
Miles round St. Paul's, on a scale of near Six Inches to a Mile, including 
the Villages of Highgate, Hampstead, West End, Wilsden Green, 
Kentish Town, Holloway, Islington, Dalston, Stoke Newington, Clapton, 
Stamford Hill, Laytonstone, Bromley, Stratford-le-Bow, Kensington, 
Hammersmith, Walham Green, Fulham, Putney, Wandsworth, Battersea, 
Brixton, Stockwell, Clapham, Balham Hill, Camberwell, Heme Hill, Dul- 
wich, Peckham, Deptford, Greenwich, Blackheath, Lewisham, Lee Green, 
Newington Butts, Vauxhall, &c. Also, showing the Boundaries of the 
Parishes, and the Stations of the various Railways. Rollers and Varnished, 
Two Pounds Fifteen Shillings. 

FROGGETT'S MAP OF THE ENVIRONS OF LONDON, 

extending Thirty Miles round St. Paul's, drawn and engraved from the 
Ordnance Survey of England, on a scale of One Inch to the Mile, on 
which is shown every Town and Village, Turnpike and Cross Roads, 
Rivers, Canals, Parks and Gentlemen's Seats ; also the various Lines of 
Railways, taken from the official Surveys of the Railway Companies, 
pointing out the various Stations, Tunnels, Cuttings, Embankments, &c.; 
likewise showing the Boundaries of the various Unions, carefully com- 
piled by permission of the Poor Law Commissioners, from their own 
Official Map. Rollers and Varnished, Two Guineas. 

ARROWSMITH'S LARGE MAP OF EUROPE ; size, 7 
feet by a feet 6 inches, (the largest Map of Europe published,) on Rollers 
and Varnished for THREE GUINEAS, recently sold by Mr. Arrowsmith 
for Six Guineas. 

ARROWSMITH'S LARGE MAP OF ENGLAND, (reduced 
from the Ordnance Maps,) on Rollers and Varnished for TWO GUINEAS 
AND A HALF; recently sold by Mr. Arrowsmith for Five Guineas. 
Size, 7 feet by 5 feet. 

ARROWSMITH'S LARGE MAP OF IRELAND, (reduced 
from the Government Survevs,) with the proposed Railways, on Rollers 
and Varnished for TWO GUINEAS AND A HALF , recently sold by Mr. 
Arrowsmith for Five Guineas. Size, 7 feet by 5 feet. 

ARROWSMITH'S LARGE MAP OF SCOTLAND, con- 
structed from Materials afforded by the Parliamentary Commissioners, on 
Rollers and Varnished for TWO GUINEAS AND A HALF ; recently sold 
by Mr. Arrowsmith for Five Guineas. Size, 7 feet by 5 feet. 

*** These large and splendid Maps (of England, Ireland, and Scotland) 
form the largest set of Maps of the BRITISH ISLES published, and the set 
of Three Maps may be had for SIX GUINEAS; recently sold by Mr. 
Arrowsmith for Fifteen Guineas. 



G. F. CRUCHLEY, 
BOOKSELLER AND STATIONER, 

81, FLEET STREET. 

THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES ARE ALWAYS O.V SALE : — 

Bibles and Prater Books, in Roan, Morocco, and Velvet bindii 
Church Services, Pietas, and Companions to the Altar, in plain and elegant 

bindings. 
Mordan's and Riddle's ever-pointed Silver Pencil Cases. — Ditto, Leads. 
Ditto Drawing and all other Pencils of the best quality. 
Ditto Pen Holders, with plain and elegant handles. 
Bramah's and Mordan's Pen Nibs, in boxes of various prices. 
Pens and Quills. — Pens, in Boxes.— Perry's and other Steel Pens. 
Ink- Stands, Instantaneous Lights, Passport Cases, Journals, &c, &c. 
Writing Papers of superior quality. 
Ditto, Black bordered and edged. 
Drawing Paper, various sizes. 
Envelopes, all sizes, in cases or by the hundred. 
Sealing -Wax, by weight or in fancy boxes. 
Wafers, plain, transparent, initial, and medallion. 
Letter Springs, in Russia and Morocco. 
Pen Knives, with Ivory, Pearl, and Silver Handles. 
Pen and Pencil Cases, all sizes, in Cloth and Roan. 
Ivory and Pearl Paper Knives, and ditto Reading Hooks, plain or carved. 
Pocket Books, with Ivory Tablets. 
Ditto, with Porcelain Tablets. — Porcelain Slates. 
Ditto, with Skin, all sizes. 

Ca rd Cases, in Ivory, Pearl, Tortoiseshell, Porcelain, Russia and Morocco. 
Blotting Cases, in Roan and Morocco, in great variety, with or without locks. 
Bankers' Bill Cases, Spanish and Roan leather. 

Manuscript Books, with or without lock, in plain and elegant binding. 
Music Books and Paper, various sizes. 

Playing Cards, from 6d. to 4s. 6d. •& pack.— Cases for ditto, from 6d. 
Ladies' Companions, plain and elegant, containing every article suitable 

for a Lady's Work-table. 
Pearl and Ivory Needle Books, ditto winders and counters. 
Memorandum Books, various, from Id. upwards. 
Ditto, with clasp, for the pocket. 
Ditto, with metallic paper and pencil. 

Account Books, Ledgers, Journals, &c, in various bindings. 
Annual Pocket Books, Almanacks, Diaries, Housekeeping Books, &c. 
Bill Books, Portfolios, Sermon Cases, Washing Books, Note Cases, Wafer 

Seals, India Rubber, Marking Inks, &c. 
A Choice Collection of elegantly bound Books, Dissected Maps, Puzzles, 

&c, suitable for Christmas presents or New Year's gifts.— Albums, Scrap 

Books, Annuals, &c. 
School Books and Stationery in all its branches. 

A CHOICE AND SELECT JUVENILE LIBRARY. 



i! 



Address Cards engraved, and 100 Superfine Cards for Five Shillings. 

ENGRAVING AND PRINTING IN ALL ITS BRANCHES. 



— | London : Cruchley, Printer, Fleet Street. 



